Earticle

This study aims to examine the semantic correspondence of synonymic words from the aspect of contextualism and thereby investigate how multiple meanings consist of synonymy. Since a word is polysemic, the most crucial part in research on synonyms is to figure out the difference. This difference can be understood by examining how the two words are used with other words. At this point, Corpus analysis on the use of relative meanings is useful in that it allows us to decide to what extent the two words in synonymy can be exchanged quantitatively by showing the difference of their combinations and also figure out their semantic distribution according to their use. This study compared the two words’polysemic aspects in order to understand their synonymy and discovered synonymy composed of a part of their multiple meanings. Also, it examined the aspects of synonymy by studying the context where they are actually used. Based on that, this paper could examine the synonymic construction and aspects of use which the multiple meanings get to form.

This study examines lexical changes in 1930s Korean with Samcheolli Corpus (1929-42), focusing on the words in synonymous relations. There was a sudden emergence of new words in late 19th and early 20th century Korea as the traditional society went through rapid shifts which can be summarized as modernization. Some words were coined and some words were adopted from foreign language. The advent of this neologism initiates the lexical system changes as it competes with other words which have a similar meaning. We explore this synonymous competence in terms of meaning and distribution. Chapter 3 discusses the relations between the existing word sijeol and newly adopted word from Japanese, sidae and how sidae intruded the meaning of sijeol and settled down in Korean lexical system. Chapter 4 explored newly coined words ttaemun and kkadak. These two words emerged at the same period and shared their distributions. However, ttaemun and kkadak reestablished their relations in terms of distribution while they share the same meaning.

By investigating the BNC corpus via a BNCweb version, this paper compares the collocation relations between two synonymous words, almost and nearly and explores the differences in collocation relations between them. The corpus-based analysis in this paper shows that there are significant differences in collocation relations between almost and nearly. In particular, it is shown in this paper that while almost is in a strong collocation relation with general adverbs and adjectives, nearly is in a strong collocation relation with the words of numbers. Further, it is also shown that there are rare cases where nearly modifies general adverbs ending with a -ly morpheme. From the analysis of middle and high school textbooks, it is shown that while the textbooks reflect the general tendency of almost and nearly in collocation relations, they have shortcomings in reflecting the strong collocation relation of almost with general adverbs and adjectives and that of nearly with other words except for the words of numbers.

This thesis has purpose to examine the synonymy among ‘chaso, yacha, namul(vegetable)’ and establish the criteria in the class of vegetable synonyms. With this criteria for a basis, some ‘Fruit’ word-class and ‘Grain’ word-class having semantic relation with vegetable synonyms will be distinguished. In the earlier studies, the classification of vegetable word-class, fruit word-class, and grain word-class has been presented from the botanical point of view or biochemical point of view. ‘Woody plant’ or ‘herbaceous plant’ is botanically classified term. ‘Sweetness’ has been used as a biochemical criterion. But botanical or biochemical criteria are not enough and sufficient in the classifying synonyms. In this study humanities’ criteria or cultural criteria(especially korean food culture) are more appropriate to discriminate synonyms. Humanities’ criteria or cultural criteria will be applied to ‘Vegetable’ word-class(Chapter. 2). This criteria will be good for classifying the ‘Fruit’ word-class, ‘Grain’ word-class(Chapter. 3). Not only these ‘vegetable, fruit, grain’ word-class but also other boundary word-class in synonymy could be clarified with humanities’ criteria or cultural criteria.

The present study aims at clarifying the relationship between synonym and antonym with respect to their semantic similarity other than their differentiation. It's believed that the two items consisting of antonymy occupy different positions where one excludes the other from the same semantic field. Here we examined the inter-relationship between the two categories in a two-choice reaction time (RT) based on the lexical decision task and ERPs(Event-related Potentials) signatures. As expected, RTs were shorter for the condition of antonym than that of synonym relation possibly due to the prominence over the synonymous words. However no difference is found between antonym and unrelated word class. For the ERPs' component, P300s (positive peak at about 300ms after the stimulus onset) and N400s (negative peak around 400ms) morphology of the ERP reflecting the perceptual familiarity among the stimuli and semantic distance respectively, were found in all conditions. Though synonym and antonym were not differentiated in the P300, they both produced larger P300 response than other words in the unrelated condition. By contrast, the N400 of them recruited the difference in its amplitude mainly over the frontal areas. These results suggest that the structure of synonym and antonym should be constructed via identical semantic space indexed as the P300 as well as the N400 critical difference based on the specific semantic feature.

There are various troubles to describe a change of a language. Specially, it is more so if it is describing of a meaning change. This thesis is a study on descriptive Methods of Synonymous Change. I think that the change of language passes into being loose in strictness generally. When it sees a process to get into strictness, it is to be able to see the process when exceptional phenomena show desire of linguistic representation in order to do minuteness anger in it is not so, and linguistic representation being loose.Meaning change sets up regularity, semi-regularity, irregularity according to a necessary quotient, a chance sincerity degree of a discussion spread related to an using appearance for this. It is to be going to classify them regarding the regularity that using things appearing accidentally has. And then they classified into certainty, semi-certainty, uncertainty according to the degree of regular rule, and can forecast any change.

본고에서는 「AがBに事物を与える」라는 내용을 나타내는 「施す」와 「恵む」를 중심으로 비교분석을 행하여, 다음과 같은 의미특징을 밝혔다. (1)「施す」와 「恵む」는 구체명사, 추상명사와 공기할 수 있지만, 각각이 공기하는 명사의 성질은 다르다. (2)「施す」와 「恵む」의 수여자와 피수여자는 사회적인 지위, 연령 등의 절대적인 상하관계가 아니라, 가진 자와 가지지 못한 자 라는 의미의 상하관계에 있다고 할 수 있다. (3)「施す」는 피수여자를 동정하는 마음으로 행하는 자주적인 행위이고, 일종의 미덕과 같은 행위이지만 「恵む」에는 이러한 의미는 없다. (4)「恵む」는 「～に恵まれる」와 같은 자동사적 용법을 갖지만 「施す」에는 이러한 용법이 없다. 또한 「恵む」의 경우 「恵まれる」가 단독으로 쓰여서 「좋은 상태, 이상적인 상태, 바람직한 상태에 놓여있다, 운 좋게 얻었다」라는 내용을 나타내는 경우도 있지만 「施す」에는 이러한 용법도 없다.

This paper studied that relations between synonym such as ‘ 구분, 분류, 구별, 분석’ discrimination competence and Korean thinking faculty, those synonym are included in academic vocabulary. For exploring relations between synonym discrimination competence and Korean thinking faculty, this paper establishes three hypothesis. Hypothesis 1 : the higher synonym discrimination competence has the higher test score for university entering examination. Hypothesis 2 : the higher synonym discrimination competence has the higher reading ability of academic text. Hypothesis 3 : synonym discrimination competence would be increase through the instruction teaching. Test proved that all of hypotheses are proper. It’s clear that two things through the result of test. First, to know a academic vocabulary ‘accurately’ is necessary in order to extend Korean thinking faculty. Second, systemic knowledge about academic vocabulary must be increased cumulatively.

인간은 문서를 읽고 그 내용을 머릿속에서 개념적으로 정리하여 몇 개의 명사를 이용하여 키워드로 인지한다. 본 논문은 이러한 점에 착안하여 문서를 대표하는 키워드를 추출하는 시스템을 설계하고 구현하였다. 본 논문에서는 단어의 개별적인 개념 정보를 동의어와 유의어 사전을 통해 주요 개념어를 추출하고, 추출된 개념어들 사이의 공기 관계를 계산하여 키워드로써의 중요도를 계산하고자 한다. 이를 통해 문서를 대표할 수 있는 키워드 후보를 생성하는 생성 규칙을 자동화하고 문서를 잘 대표할 수 있는 키워드 추출기를 제안하였다.

This paper attempted to prepare meaningful teaching and learning materials for Korean educational adjective synonyms through a semantic approach to the polysemy of individual words. Since the necessity of synonyms increases at the intermediate level after basic vocabulary learning is completed, the synonym group was selected centering on 191 intermediate adjectives among the list of Korean educational vocabulary, and the finally selected synonym group was 83 pairs. The meaning of vocabulary was referred to by referring to three types of Korean dictionaries, but finally description the meaning by examining the use environment of each meaning. The significance relationship was determined in consideration of the polysemy of the vocabulary, and the final selected significance through this process was intended to find discrimination information through analysis of three Korean dictionaries and use cases of the SJ-RIKS corpus. This paper attempted to expand the scope of research on Korean synonym education, which was limited to emotional adjectives without considering proficiency, to intermediate adjectives, and attempted to closely analyze the polysemy of synonyms that have not yet been discussed in depth in Korean language education.

언어는 사람과 환경에 따라서 다양하게 사용되며 비슷하거나 비슷하지 않게 나타날 수 있다. 사탄, 마귀, 귀신 등으로 번역된 낱말들 역시 그러한 영역에서 벗어나지 않는다. 그래서 이 용어들은 같은 말을 쓰면서도 다른 의미일 때가 있고, 다른 말을 쓰면서도 같은 의미일 때가 있다. 이러한 용어들이 오늘날 현대 기독교에도 뿌리내려 사람들의 입에서 다양하게 사용되듯이, 고대의 여러 시대에도 그러했다. 이 연구는 요한복음을 비롯해 다양한 신구약 정경 문서와 그 근시대 문서들에서 나타난 해당 용어들의 활용을, 맥락에 근거하여 그 안에 반영된 여러 인식과 자세들의 다양성을 분석하고 탐구 및 정리하는 데 목적을 둔다.

Language, as a tool of communication, is subject to variation in usage and interpretation across different individuals and contexts. This variability extends to religious terminologies such as ‘Satan’, ‘devil’, and ‘demon’, which can embody diverse meanings and connotations. These terms, deeply embedded including modern Christianity, are employed in a multitude of ways by contemporary society, mirroring their varied usage in different epochs of antiquity. This research endeavors to delve into the utilization of these terms within canonical and contemporaneous documents from the Old and New Testaments. The objective is to contextualize these terms within their historical and cultural milieu, thereby unveiling the spectrum of perceptions and attitudes they encapsulate. By doing so, this study aims to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of these terms and the theological concepts they represent.

The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze all academic papers and dissertations from 2000, when research on Korean synonym education as a foreign language first began, to examine the research trend of synonym education and to explore the direction of future research. As a result of analyzing the quantitative changes of the thesis by period, the initial 10 years in which only one or two papers were published or the hiatus was repeated could be divided into the first period, and after 2010, when the quantitative increase was somewhat irregular but without gaps, it was possible to divide into the second period. As a result of qualitative analysis on the three aspects of research subject, scope, research topic, and research method, it was confirmed that research on the emotional adjective semantic group was relatively active, and the main research topic was the selection of educational vocabulary lists and the establishment of discriminatory semantic information rather than educational status or teaching methods. Regardless of the type and purpose of the paper, it was confirmed that the research was conducted leaning on the description of meaning in the dictionary, usage, and corpus analysis of the native speaker. This shows that vocabulary meaning as well as syntactic and conversational information for practical use are necessary to distinguish synonyms. However, when selecting educational content, the vocabulary list and the meaning list of vocabulary must be distinguished, and the meaning list of vocabulary should not uncritically accept the dictionary’s meaning skills. Meaningful, syntactic, and pragmatic information for semantic discrimination should also be hierarchical in consideration of the learner’s proficiency.

지금까지 유의어 (의미) 변별 연구는 으레 연구되어야 한다는 선험적 견해를 근거 삼아 여러 분야에서 방대한 양의 성과물을 산출해내고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 그간 한국어 유의어 변별 연구의 성과들을 유형별로 폭넓게 수집하고 연구 자료의 성격과 연구방법론에 주안점을 두어 비판적으로 검토하면서 앞으로의 연구 과제를 모색하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 정제된 분석 자료를 바탕으로 유의어군 자료의 양적 분석, 각각의 연구 성격에 따른 질적 분석을 진행하였다. 먼저 174편의 학술지 논문과 학위논문을 대상으로 연도별 분포를 살펴본 후, 유의어군의 품사 유형, 의미 범주, 어종, 수량 등 측면에서 갖는 특징을 도출하는 식으로 연구 자료의 성격을 범주화하였다. 다음으로 학술지 67편을 학술지 논문을 대상으로 연구 분야 및 적용 대상에 따라 위계화한 후, 연구 방법에 초점을 두어 유형화하여 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 양적 성과 산출이 연구 방법의 정교화 또는 전문화를 촉진하기도 하지만, 연구 방식의 고착화 내지 사고의 경직화를 초래할 수도 있다는 문제의식을 조명하기에 충분했다. 나아가 총체적 관점에 입각하여 연구의 성격에 따라 묶을 수 있는 연구의 교집합적인 성과를 도출하면서 특정 분야에 적용할 수 있는 방법론적 최대치를 제시하였다. 본 연구는 근 40년간 진행되어 온 유의어 변별 연구의 흐름, 유의어 자료의 성격과 연구방법론의 적용 현황 및 향후 방향성을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

Up to this point, study on the discrimination of synonyms has been conducted on the premise that it should be explored, yielding a substantial body of work across various domains. The aim of this study is to comprehensively collect the accomplishments of prior Korean synonym discrimination research, categorizing them by type, and critically reviewing them with a specific focus on the nature of research data and methodologies. Additionally, this study seeks to identify future research directions. To accomplish this, a thorough analysis was conducted, involving both quantitative and qualitative approaches, using refined research materials. Initially, an investigation was carried out on the distribution of articles by year, encompassing a total of 174 academic journal papers and theses. Subsequently, research data were categorized according to various characteristics, such as part of speech, semantic categories, word classes, and quantity, which synonym groups exhibit. The subsequent step involved categorizing 67 academic journal papers based on research fields and target applications. The research methodology was a primary area of focus, resulting in a typology for examination. Through this process, it became evident that quantitative output could both facilitate the refinement or specialization of research methods and lead to the potential drawback of rigid thinking or practices. Furthermore, adopting a comprehensive perspective, the study identified intersecting outcomes among research grouped by its nature and proposed a methodological framework with maximum applicability to specific domains. In conclusion, this study holds significance as it delineates the trajectory of synonym discrimination research conducted over nearly four decades, sheds light on the characteristics of synonym data, delineates the application of research methodologies, and offers valuable insights into future research directions.

This study aimed to identify the similarities and differences between two synonymous verbs, 'contain' and 'include', whose nuanced usage may pose challenges for non-native English speakers in authentic language contexts. To achieve this goal, this study utilized two general corpora: the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), as well as Rayson's (2005) Wmatrix program as an analytical tool. Specifically, the nearly 500-million-word COHA corpus was employed to reveal the diachronic usage trends of 'contain' and 'include' over a span of almost 200 years, from 1810 to 2010. The COCA, which comprises one billion words across eight genres (spoken, fiction, popular magazines, newspapers, academic texts, TV and movie subtitles, blogs, and other web pages), was used to extract the top 100 noun collocates of 'contain' and 'include' in terms of frequency and analyze their semantic categories using the Wmatrix program. The analysis resulted in several key findings. First, the examination of COHA revealed that 'contain' and 'include' displayed divergent usage trends starting from the 1910s, underscoring their distinct usages. Moreover, the Wmatrix analysis of noun collocates demonstrated that both synonyms have strong collocation relationships with noun collocates belonging to certain semantic categories, indicating their usage similarities. However, they also formed exclusive collocation relationships with noun collocates within distinct semantic categories, highlighting their unique usage differences. This study's methodology, thus, facilitated a concrete exploration of the similarities and differences between the two synonyms. Consequently, it is expected that the analytical approach used in this study can be applied to a variety of synonymous terms in future research.

이 글에서는 {지키다}와 유의관계에 있는 {유지하다}, {챙기다}에 대해 사용례와 학습자 오류 등을 살펴 효율적인 교육방안에 대해 알아본다. 이 세 동사는 [가지다]를 기본의미로 가지고 있지만, {유지하다}는 [현 상태를 그대로 가지고 있는 것], {지키다}는 [외부의 힘으로부터 현재 상태를 가지고 있는 것], {챙기다}는 [본래 없는 것을 가지고 오는 것] 등의 의미차이를 가진다. 이러한 유의어는 ‘지키다 > 유지하다 > 챙기다’의 순으로 교수·학습된다. 유용한 유의어 교육으로 ‘유의어 변별 교육, 명사 논항에 따른 교육, 연어관계 제시’ 등을 들었다. 한국어 학습자들에게 유의어 교육함에 있어서 가장 필요한 것은 다양한 문맥을 활용하여 제시하여야 한다는 점인데, 이를 통해 학습자들이 의미차이를 정확하게 이해하고 사용 오류를 줄여 성공적으로 의사소통할 수 있도록 하는 것이 중요하다.

In this study, we looked at the use cases and learner errors for {jikida} and {yujihada}, which have a significant relationship with {chaengkida}, to find out effective educational methods. These three verbs contain the basic meaning of [HAVE], but {ujihada} means [to keep the present state], {jikida} means [to have the present state from an external force], and {chaengkida} means [to bring, to take care of]. There is a difference in meaning such as [bringing something that is not originally there]. These synonyms are taught and learned in the order of [jikida > yujihada > chaengkida]. As useful synonym education, “thesaurus discrimination education, education according to the noun argument, and collocation relation presentation” were mentioned. The most necessary aspect of teaching multilingual languages ??to Korean learners is that they should be presented using various contexts.

이 연구에서는 대규모 언어 자원인 ‘물결21’ 코퍼스로부터 단어들의 공기 정보를 추출, 벡터로 구성하고 이 벡터들 사이의 유사도를 코사인 유사도라는 통계적 척도를 활용하여 계산하였다. 이렇게 추출된 유의어들은 유사한 문맥을 공유한다는 점에서 문맥적 유의어라고 규정할 수 있으며, 이들은 문맥을 공유하는 정도가 유사도에 따라 구별된다. 이와 같이 유의어에 대한 계량적 접근을 통해 한국어 유의어의 총체적인 양상을 파악할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 유의어들 간의 유사도도 제시할 수 있다는 점에서 이 연구는 의의가 있다. 아울러 본 연구의 결과는 유의어의 변별뿐 아니라 한국어 교육이나 유의어 사전 편찬, 그리고 자연어 처리를 위한 인공지능 등에도 적극적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

In this paper, we extract and construct the co-occurrence information of words from the large linguistic resource 'Trends 21' corpus into word vectors and calculate the similarity between these vectors using a statistical scale called cosine similarity. These extracted synonyms can be defined as contextual synonyms in that they share the same context, and they will be distinguished by their distance of similarity. This paper is meaningful in that it is not only possible to identify the overall aspect of Korean synonyms through quantitative approaches to synonyms, but also to present similarities between synonyms. In addition, the results of this study are expected to be actively used not only for discrimination of synonyms, but also for Korean language education, dictionary compilation of synonyms, and artificial intelligence for natural language processing.

유의어와 반의어는 심성어휘집의 의미 관계를 기반으로 긴밀한 어휘망을 구성하므로 본고는 한국어 모어 화자와 중국인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 유의어, 반의어, 무관어에 대한 어휘 판별 과제를 수행하였다. 그 결과에서 (1) 모어 화자 집단은 학습자 집단보다 빠르고 정확하였으며, 고급 학습자는 중급 학습자보다 유의어를 더 정확하게 처리하였다. (2) 모든 집단이 유의어와 반의어를 무관어보다 더 정확하게 처리하였으나, 학습자 집단은 반의어에서 점화 효과가 비단어 유형과 차이가 있었다. (3) 빈도 효과는 중급 학습자 집단에서만 나타났는데, 이런 결과는 의미 관계에 기반한 유의어와 반의어 사이의 연결이 강화된다는 연결주의 모형으로 설명되며, 유의어와 반의어와 같은 어휘들은 체계 지식으로 학습하는 것이 효과적임을 보여 준다. 학습자는 어휘망에 의한 단어 처리에서 반의어보다 유의어로부터 더 도움을 받을 수 있으므로 어휘 교육에서 유의어를 사용하여 단어를 제시할 필요가 있으며, 반의어 활용에 대해서는 학습을 촉진하기 위한 새로운 교수법과 전략이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

Synonyms and antonyms constitute a close lexical network based on semantic relations in the mental lexicon. In this paper, the lexical decision task was performed by native Korean speakers and Chinese-speaking Korean learners on synonyms, antonyms, and unrelated words. (1) Native speakers were faster and more accurate than learners, and advanced learners processed synonyms more accurately than intermediate learners. (2) All groups processed synonyms and antonyms more accurately than unrelated words, but learners showed a prime effect that differed from non-words in antonyms. (3) The frequency effect has shown only in intermediate learners. These results are explained by a connectionist model that strengthens the connections between synonyms and antonyms based on semantic relations, and it is suggested that learning system knowledge of vocabularies such as synonyms and antonyms is effective. Since learners could receive more help from synonyms than antonyms in word processing using lexical networks, it is necessary to use synonyms to present words in vocabulary teaching and should be suggested new methods or strategies to use antonyms to facilitate learning.

본 연구는 한국인 모어화자와 외국인 한국어 학습자의 ‘이용하다’와 ‘사용하다’ 에 대한 선택 양상을 살핌으로써 두 동사의 의미・기능상의 차이를 밝히고, 나아가 합리적인 ‘이용・사용하다’에 대한 교육방안을 마련하는 데 목적이 있다. 이에 본연구에서는 목적어의 의미범주에 따른 ‘이용・사용하다’에 대한 두 그룹의 선택 양상을 고찰하고, 두 동사의 변별 방법을 고찰하였다. 사전적 어휘 정보를 통해 두 동사사이의 의미, 기능적 차이를 살핀 뒤, 한국인 모어화자의 직관에 따른 해당 유의어에대한 선택 양상을 분석하였고, 고급 한국어 학습자의 ‘이용・사용하다’에 대한 변별양상을 한국인 모어화자와 비교하였다. ‘이용・사용하다’가 가지는 개별적인 어휘 의미만으로는 명확히 드러나지 않는 특성이 각 동사가 취하는 목적어의 의미범주 및 문맥에 따른 의미 자질에의해 차이가 나타남을 실험을 통해 확인하였다. 실험 결과, 고급 수준의 한국어학습자일지라도 ‘이용・사용하다’의 의미, 기능에 대한 이해 부족으로 ‘이용・사용하다’의 선택에 어려움을 느끼거나 오류를 범하는 경우가 많았으며, 이에 본연구에서는 실험 결과를 토대로 ‘이용・사용하다’의 의미범주와 문맥적 자질을활용하여 학습 단계에 맞게 순차적으로 교육해 나갈 것을 제안하였다.

This study aims to reveal the meaning and functional differences between the two verbs "utilize" and "use," by studying the choosing aspects of native and foreign Korean speakers. Furthermore, this information is used to develop education measures to rationalize the choice of “utilize/use.” Here, the two groups’ choices of “utilize/ use” were analyzed according to the semantic category of the object and the differential method of the two verbs. After examining the meaning and functional difference of two verbs through dictionary vocabulary information, the choosing aspects of the relevant synonyms were analyzed depending on the intuition of the Korean native speakers. The differential aspects of the advanced Korean learners regarding “utilize/use” were compares with those of native Korean speakers. The research showed that the characteristic that determined individuals’ vocabulary meaning of “utilize/use” was not clearly expressed. There is a difference between the semantic category of an object that a verb takes and its semantic feature according to context. As a result, even advanced Korean learners often found it difficult, or made a mistake, when choosing "utilize/use," due to a lack of understanding of the meaning/function of "utilize/ use." From these results, it is suggested that the semantic category and semantic features of “utilize/use” should be used to leaners sequentially for each learning stage.

The purpose of this study is to set the criteria for the selection of synonym for Korean cognitive behavioral verbs and to compile a list of their synonyms. To this end, the chapter 3 organized the vocabulary in language education and searched the dictionaries and corpus for vocabulary as the subject of the study to point out the gap between dictionary and actual usage patterns. Therefore, the criteria for selecting a synonym were prepared, discussing that the meaning of the vocabulary should be reclassified in consideration of the discourse actually used. And based on this, the chapter 5 prepared a list of synonym for Korean cognitive behavioral verbs.

이 논문은 의미, 통사, 형태, 화용의 시각에서 ‘控制‘, ‘掌握’, ‘支配'의 변별적 특징을 비교 분석했다. 의미에서 ‘控制‘, ‘掌握’, ‘支配는 '(시간, 자금, 지역 등)통제하다'의 뜻으로 쓰인 경우에 [+통제] 의미자질을 가졌다는 공통점을 가졌다. 다만 ‘생활’을 목적어로 취할 때는 '控制, 支配'가 부정적 의미를, ‘掌握’가 긍정적 의미를 드러내는 경우를 밝혔다. 의미 차이점에서, 의미 차이점에서 '控制, 掌握'는 [+장악] 의미자질을 갖고 있지만 '支配'는 이런 의미자질이 없다. '掌握'는 [+터득], [+확보], [+파악] 의미자질을 갖고 있어 '控制, 支配'는 이런 의미자질이 없다. '控制'는 [+억제], [+제어]의미자질을 지녔지만 '掌握, 支配'는 이런 의미자질이 없다. '支配'는 [+지배], [+할당] 의미자질을 갖고 있어서 '控制, 掌握'이런 의미자질이 없다. 통사에서 '控制, 掌握, 支配'는 공통적으로 ‘不’,‘沒’와 공기하지만 ‘很’과는 공기하지 않는다. 이들 동사는 모두 가능보어, 정도보어, 결과보어와 공기하지만 방향보어와 공기하지 않는다. '控制, 支配'는 ‘過, 了, 着, 起來, 下去’와 공기하지만 ‘掌握’는 ‘過, 了, 着, 起來’와 공기하고 ‘下去’와 공기하지 않는다. '控制, 掌握‘는 피동문, 사동문, 겸어문에 두루 쓰이지만 ’支配'는 피동문, 사동문에만 쓰이고, 겸어문에는 쓰이지 않는다. 형태에서 '控制, 掌握'는 ABAB형식으로 중첩하지만 '支配'의 용례는 찾지 못했다. '控制'는 접미사 ‘力, 点, 台, 组, 权, 者 등 다양한 접미사와 함께 쓰인다. '掌握'’支配'는 접미사 ‘力, 权, 者 등과 함께 쓰인다. 화용 에서 ‘控制‘, ‘掌握’는 문어체, 구어체에 두루 쓰인다. 그러나 ‘支配'가 문어체에 쓰이지만 구어체에 잘 쓰이지 않는다. 베이징어언대BCC에 따르면, ‘掌握’가 가장 다양하게 쓰이고 ‘控制‘의 용례의 출현빈도가 가장 높았다.