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Lee, So-hyun. 2007. A Study on the Meaning of Synonym of ‘부끄럽다’ and Effective Teaching Method for Them. The Language and Culture 3-1: 121-142. This thesis aims to make clear the different meaning of five synonyms which are ‘부끄럽다(buggrubda), 창피하다(changpihada), 수줍다(sujubda), 쑥스럽다(sshukssrubda), 수치스럽다(suchisrubda).’ This study examines the sentences which the words ‘부끄럽다, 창피하다, 수줍다, 수치스럽다, 쑥스럽다.’ are used; that is, when and in which situation people use these words. ‘부끄럽다’ is widely used in both positive and negative situations. ‘창피하다’ is mostly used in negative situations and expresses external shame. It is related to the thinking of others and negative behavior of a doer. Also ‘수치스럽다’ is used in negative situation but it expresses internal shame. It is related to the thinking of a doer and damage of one's personality, honor, and a social position. ‘수줍다’, ‘쑥스럽다’ are used in positive situations and they are related to the person’s attitude and behavior. ‘수줍다’ is used to reveal the person’s character and it needs durability(a long time). On the other hand ‘쑥스럽다’ expresses the emotions of the moment. And it presupposes positive effects or results of a doer. But ‘수줍다’ is not. This thesis shows an effective order of those five words by stage and effective teaching methods when teachers instruct those words to Korean language learners who want to know the differences of the words and use the words in proper situations. words and use words properly the situations. (The Catholic University of Korea)

This study investigates Korean middle school students’ collocation ability of English synonymous verbs and adjectives. The focus is on how well Korean middle school students understand the difference in collocation between these synonymous words. The subjects are a total of 73 middle school students. They are divided into two groups according to their grade on midterm exams, a high level group and a low level group. Five pairs of verbs and adjectives, such as look/see, tell/say, large/big, little/small, tall/high were tested.The results are as follows. First, students are better in adjectives than verbs. Second, there are some questions which are pretty easy and familiar, but students do not answer correctly. This indicates that simple exposure to sentences with these words is not enough for foreign learners to acquire the appropriate use of these five pairs of synonymous words. Third, it is found that learners’ general English ability correlates with their collocation ability. Fourth, no regularity can be found in their errors. This means that English grammar is not fully internalized, so that they answer the questions according to fragmentary knowledge of English and their familiarity with some particular English expressions.

This study experimentally examines how intermediate Chinese learners of Korean use four termination-meaning synonymous verbs—끝내다, 마무리하다, 마치다, and 다하다. It investigates the effects of the Chinese lexical item 結束 and collocational exposure frequency on learners’ semantic judgments and lexical choices using a translation-based fill-in-the-blank task and a multiple-choice lexical selection task. The results indicate that learners tend to interpret the four verbs at a broad “termination” level without clearly distinguishing their verb-specific semantic features. Selection patterns for 끝내다 and 다하다 varied significantly depending on collocational exposure frequency, whereas 마무리하다 and 마치다 showed limited frequency effects due to higher semantic differentiation difficulty. These findings suggest that learners’ lexical choices are jointly influenced by the semantic transfer of 結束 and incomplete acquisition of verb-specific semantic features, highlighting the need for more systematic instruction of Korean synonymous verbs.

본 연구는 ‘지키다’라는 공통 의미를 갖는 현대중국어 유의어 ‘保護-保衛-防護-防守-守護-維護’가 BCC 다영역 코퍼스에서 나타나는 빈도를 기반으로 형태 및 문체 특징을 비교 분석하고, 유의어별 각 500건 용례에 대한 표본조사에 근거하여 ‘지키다’류 동사 유의어군의 통사 및 의미 특징과 차이를 분석하였다. 사전 의미만으로는 그 차이를 분별하기 어려운 유의어를 코퍼스에 나타나는 빈도와 연어의 통계적 조사를 통해 분석함으로써 과학적 연구방법을 실현하고, 그 조사 결과를 공개함으로써 연구 신뢰도와 재현 가능성을 제고하였다. 본 연구의 조사 결과에 따르면 ‘지키다’류 동사의 형태소 결합방식은 모두 연합식 합성어에 속하지만 중첩활용이 매우 드문 것으로 나타났다. BCC 다영역 코퍼스의 텍스트 범주별 분포에 근거하면 ‘守護’만이 구어성 단어이고 나머지는 모두 문어성 단어들인 것으로 조사되었다. 500건 용례에 대해 이들 유의어의 문장성분과 의미 관계를 분석한 결과, ‘지키다’류는 보어로 쓰이지 않으며, 각 유의어마다 주어, 술어, 목적어, 관형어 등 발달한 통사유형이 매우 다른 양상을 보이는 점이 확인되었다. 의미 특징에서는 각 유의어의 ‘지킴 대상’을 조사하여 그 의미 부류에 따라 몇 가지로 나누었는데, 유의어마다 ‘지킴대상’의 분포가 다르고, ‘지킴의 방식’이 다르게 나타나는 점 등이 이들 유의어 변별에 결정적 근거가 된다.

This study analyzes the synonym relationships between Japanese loanwords and native vocabulary using Google Trend data and examines the differences in their usage contexts and semantic nuances. The research focuses on three pairs of synonyms: “kakunin (確認) and check (チェック),” “torikeshi (取り消し) and cancel (キャンセル),” and “setsuzoku (接続) and access (アクセス),” aiming to clarify how these words are used in specific situations and what nuances and roles each word carries. The analysis revealed that “kakunin (確認)” emphasizes reliability and accuracy and is primarily used in formal and systematic contexts, whereas “check (チェック)” highlights simplicity and practicality, making it more suitable for informal and everyday situations. Similarly, “torikeshi (取り消し)” is appropriate in legal and technical contexts to nullify decisions with caution, while “cancel (キャンセル)” is better suited for practical scenarios involving reservations, purchases, or transactions, conveying a more casual and consumer-oriented nuance. Finally, “setsuzoku (接続)” focuses on the physical process of connecting devices or networks, whereas “access (アクセス)” encompasses both digital and physical accessibility, including pathways or methods to reach specific locations, demonstrating a broader semantic scope. This study leverages big data to elucidate the semantic differences and contextual usage of synonyms, providing valuable resources for Japanese language learners and researchers. By doing so, it contributes to synonym research and Japanese language education.

Objectives This study aims to provide foundational insights for effective instruction and learning by examining the synonymous verbs ‘붓다 (to pour)’ and ‘쏟다 (to spill)’. The research focuses on analyzing the co-occurring words and semantic relationships within a corpus and visualizing the results through language networks. Methods Based on the examination of vocabulary usage in everyday conversation and spoken corpora of native Korean speakers, as well as the investigation of co-occuring words found in Korean language learner corpora, the semantic relationship and specific patterns of usage for ‘붓다’ (to pour) and ‘쏟다’ (to spill) were explored and visualized through language network analysis. Results The results of this study are as follows: while native Korean speakers use various extended meanings of ‘붓다’ (to pour) and ‘쏟다’ (to spill), Korean language learners tend to rely on a limited set of co-occuring words provided in Korean textbooks. It indicates an insufficient understanding of the expanded meanings of these synonyms among learners. Additionally, even intermediate and advanced Korean learners have been found to lack a comprehensive understanding of the co-occuring words of ‘붓다 (to pour)’ and ‘쏟다 (to spill)’, leading them to mistakenly interchange the two terms. Conclusions This study employs componential analysis to examine the distinctive characteristics of semantic relationships through the co-occurring words of ‘붓다 (to pour)’ and ‘쏟다 (to spill)’. Furthermore, we propose a suggested order of presenting meanings and representative co-occurring words for Korean language learners at different proficiency levels.

이 연구는 외국어가 한국어에 유입되어 정착되어 가는 양상을 ‘시계열 공기어(共起語 , coocurrence word) 네트워크’라는 분석 방법을 활용하여 밝혀보는 데 있다. 유사한 의미나 개념을 가지고 있는 고유어가 존재함에도 불구하고 그 고유어에 대응되는 차용어가 유입되면서 고유어와 차용어는 새로운 유의 관계를 형성하게 된다. 이 연구에서는 이와 같이 형성된 유의(類意) 관계에 속하는 고유어와 차용어를 분석의 대상으로 삼았다. 즉 유의(類意) 관계에 속하는 고유어와 차용어를 분석의 대상으로 삼고 이들이 지난 70여 년 동안의 신문 빅데이터에서 어떻게 사용상의 변화를 경험하였는지 공기어 네트워크를 활용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 ‘천막-텐트, 사치-럭셔리, 주방장-셰프, 포도주-와인’ 등의 유의어에서 영어 외래어는 고유어에 비해 고급스럽거나 긍정적인 뉘앙스를 가진다는 점을 명시적으로 규명하였으며, 이는 향후 다른 유의어들의 변화 추이를 밝히는 데에도 활용될 수 있음을 보였다.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the way in which foreign languages are introduced into Korean by utilizing the ‘co-occurrence word network’ analysis method. Despite the existence of words with similar meanings and concepts in the native language, loanwords corresponding to the native words are introduced, resulting in new and significant relationships between both words. This study focuses on analyzing native words and their corresponding loanwords of similar meaning. Utilizing the co-occurrence network, big data collected from newspapers from the past 70 years was analyzed in order to reveal how the usage of these words have changed. Results indicate that for words such as tent, wine, chef, and luxury, the English loanwords carry a more high-class or positive nuance than the native words. Furthermore, the results also reveal the potential of utilizing the co-occurrence word network to further reveal developments of change in other pairs of synonyms.

The present article discusses the authenticity of the vocabulary used in new high school English textbooks published in 2015, focusing on adjective synonyms (fast, quick, rapid) by comparing the textbook corpus with the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The general framework was provided by a group of researchers (Biber & Reppen, 2002; Carter, 1987; Hill, 1999; Hunston & Francis, 2000; Lewis, 1993, 1997, 2000; Partington, 1998) who assert that English teaching materials should reflect genuine data. The results are as follows. First, in COCA, quick is the most frequent word, followed by fast and rapid, while in textbooks, the instances of fast are highest, but rapid appeared only four times in total. Second, noun collocation patterns of these synonyms demonstrate discrepancies between genuine data and Korean textbooks. The findings show that their usages are pretty limited in the textbooks in contrast with the COCA data. These results support a need for textbooks to become more authentic to improve EFL learners’ collocation competence and native-like fluency. Also these findings provide non-native English teachers with useful resources to teach effectively by using corpus collocation data alongside the textbooks. The results suggest pedagogical implications for developing authentic teaching materials and methods for quality input.

The aim of this study is to suggest the teaching method of 'Transliteration using synonyms'. This teaching method is for switchover from receptive vocabulary to productive vocabulary. The teaching method of 'Transliteration using synonyms' is a activity changing words that a child used into another words. Consequently this activity improve the children's productive vocabulary ability by raising the cohesion within the children's network of synonyms. For the effectiveness verification of the teaching method, I applied this teaching method to middle school students. As a result, the average grade of the using words increased by '0.44 grade', and the result of 'paired-sample t-test' was statistical significant(t=-4.24, p=.008, d=3.14).

This study aims to examine the effects of the corpus-based instruction on Korean university students’ learning of the colligation and collocation of adjective synonyms in English. With the participation of 135 Korean university students divided into the experimental group and the control group, it uses the BNC (British National Corpus) web and analyzes six pairs of adjective synonyms through the natural usage of colligation and collocation. During the six-week period of the experiment, the former group was given concordances through the corpus, while the latter group was instructed using definitions and examples. Both groups were administered a pretest and a posttest to identify the effects of the corpus-based instruction on the students’ acquisition of the colligation and collocations of English adjective synonyms. The results were as follows. First, although the mean differences between the groups did not always show a statistical significance, the students in the experimental group scored consistently higher than those in the control group. This implies that teaching through the corpus seems to positively affect the Korean students’ learning of English adjective synonyms. Second, it is more effective to use the authentic corpus usage than to give students definitions and examples explicitly when we teach English synonyms. Third, we can lead students to naturally learn the usage of English adjective synonyms without mechanical memorization by employing the corpus suitable to specific learning purposes and levels.

A close relationship between Korea and Mongolia has been developed over the years. Consequently, Korean cultures become familiarized among the people in all most all part of Mongolia. Education and research institutions of the two countries were also found to be influenced by this historical relationships. In order to further strengthen this, the necessity of a competent education programs has been placed among the top priorities. However, due to lack of appropriate education materials about synonym effective communication was aslo found to be affected. The present research was aimed at analyzing the Korean and Mongolian synonyms in order to evaluate as to how Korean Hal lyu(called Korean wave Hal lyu) develop in Mongolia. Furthermore, feasibility of the Korean Hal lyu as an effective mean of learning and understanding Korean synonyms was also assessed. In Mongolia, Korean culture has been in the mainstream as in most of the other Asian countries. The first Korean drama was broadcasted in 1999, and still Korean dramas are fashionable in Mongolia. Not only the dramas but TV programs and Korean movies are also among the favorites. Due to this great interest, Korean language is getting in demand as well. Therefore, dramas and/or TV programs could be considered as effective means of learning and understanding synonyms properly.

The aim of this study is to create a catalogue of amnesia synonyms in Traditional Korean Medicine for database utilization. A two-staged literature search was carried out. First, two databases(China National Knowledge Infrastructure:CNKI, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System:OASIS) were searched for eligible articles, and a set of candidate words was identified from the articles. Second, the candidate words were searched in 30 medical classics to check the frequency of use. As a result, 9 candidate words including 喜忘(huimang), 善忘(seonmang), 多忘(damang), 好忘(homang), 健忘(geonmang), 遂忘(sumang), 遺忘(yumang), 忘事(mangsa), and 易忘(imang) were identified from the 10 eligible articles. Among the 9 candidate words, 健忘(geonmang) was a descriptor and 7 other words including 喜忘(huimang), 善忘(seonmang), 多忘(damang), 好忘(homang), 遂忘(sumang), 遺忘(yumang), 忘事(mangsa) were non-descriptors. 易忘(imang) was not an adequate synonym for amnesia.

本文從語義、句法、形態的角度出發，對現代漢語不定量詞近義詞‘一點’與‘一些’的異同進行了分析和探討。其分析結果如下： ① ‘一點’與‘一些’在表示不確定量和表示少量的意義上分享一定的共同的語義特徵, 且在一定的條件下可以互換使用。 ② ‘一點’常與以[-可計數], [-具體]爲其語義特徵的名詞相結合, ‘一些’則常與以[+可計數], [+具體]爲語其義特徵的名詞相結合。‘一些’還有傾向常與帶有[+有生命]特徵的名詞相結合。 ③ ‘一些’所表示的量大於‘一點’所表示的量。 ④ ‘一點’與‘一些’常在句子中扮演補語的角色，常常放在形容詞或一些動詞後表示形容詞或動詞的變化量。　 ⑤ 除了充當補語之外, ‘一點’還充當定語、狀語, 而‘一些’主要充當定語, 修飾名詞或名詞性成分。‘一點’還構成一些否定式, 限制否定副詞的否定範圍, 並加強其否定義。 ➅ ’一點’有兩種重疊式；‘一點點’與‘一點一點’便是。我們也從語料中發現一些’一些’的重疊式；’一些些’, 可估計尚未得到合法的語法地位。

본 연구는 사건 구조와 상적 의미가 관여하는 한국어 시간 부사 유의어, 즉 ‘빨리–빠르게’, ‘방금–금방’, ‘지금–이제’, ‘다시–또’를 대상으로 하여 의미 차이를 체계적으로 기술하고, 이를 한국어 교육에 적용할 수 있는 방안을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 기존 연구가주로 공기 관계나 사용 맥락 중심의 어휘 의미 기술에 머물렀다면, 본 연구는 사건 의미론과 인지 의미론의 관점을 도입하여 시간 부사 유의어가 사건의 시작·과정·종결과 화자의 조망 방식에 따라 어떻게 의미적으로 변별되는지를 분석하였다. 특히 영상 도식과사건 구조 표상을 활용하여 각 부사 쌍의 의미 차이를 시각적으로 명확히 제시함으로써학습자의 직관적 이해 가능성을 높이고자 하였다. 이를 위해 O–H–E 모형을 적용한 교수·학습 방안을 설계하여, 초급 한국어 학습자가 시간 부사 유의어의 미묘한 의미 차이를 스스로 관찰·추론·내면화할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구는 시간 부사 유의어의 의미를사건 구조 중심으로 통합적으로 설명하고, 이를 실제 한국어 교육에 적용하였다는 점에서 의의를 가진다.

This study aims to systematically describe the semantic differences among Korean temporal adverb synonyms influenced by event structure and aspectual meaning?namely ppalli/ppalukey (quickly), pangkum?kumpang (just now/soon), cikum/icey (now), and tasi?tto (again)?and to propose instructional applications for Korean language education. While previous studies have primarily focused on collocational patterns or usage contexts, this study adopts perspectives from event semantics and cognitive semantics to analyze how these temporal adverb synonyms are semantically differentiated according to the beginning, process, and endpoint of events, as well as the speaker’s viewpoint. In particular, the study employs image schemas and event-structural representations to visually clarify the semantic distinctions between each pair of adverbs, thereby enhancing learners’ intuitive understanding. To this end, a teaching?learning model based on the O?H?E (Observation?Hypothesis?Experiment) framework is designed to enable beginner learners of Korean to independently observe, infer, and internalize subtle semantic differences among temporal adverb synonyms. This study is significant in that it offers an integrated, event-structure-based explanation of temporal adverb synonyms and demonstrates their practical applicability to Korean vocabulary education.

본고에서는 유의어 ‘怖い’ ‘恐ろしい’의 구별을 예로 코퍼스에 나타난 대규모의 용례와 문맥을 기반으로 한 의미기술 방법에 관해 특히 연어적 패턴에 주목하여 검토했다. ‘怖い／恐ろしい＋名詞’의 연체수식과 ‘名詞が＋怖い’ ‘名詞 の＋恐ろしい’의 술어형식을 중심으로 ‘副詞＋怖い／恐ろしい’ ‘怖くて／恐ろ しくて＋動詞’의 부사수식 절, 동사를 수식하는 연용형식이 ‘怖い’ ‘恐ろしい’ 의 주요 문법패턴임을 밝히고 패턴별 의미특징의 차이를 다음과 같이 추출했다. 1) ‘怖い／恐ろしい＋名詞’의 경우, ‘怖い’가 人物, ストーリ, 容貌, イメー ジ, 病気, 乗り物 등의 성격이나 성질, 내용이나 분위기가 초래하는 공포감을나타내는 데 반해 ‘恐ろしい’는 魔物, 結末, 真実, 事件, 災害, 苦痛, 行為, 物 質, 制度, 唸り声, 叫び声 등의 힘이나 위세, 위력으로부터 느끼는 공포감을나타낸다. 2) ‘名詞が＋怖い’‘名詞の＋恐ろしい’의 경우 ‘怖い’가 力, 勢い, 威力, 性格, 性質, 内容, 雰囲気 등 상대적으로 넓은 영역의 공포감을 나타내는 데 반해‘恐ろしい’는 災難, 災害로부터 오는 제한된 공포감을 나타낸다. 3) 술어동사를 수식하는 ‘怖くて／恐ろしくて＋動詞’의 경우, ‘怖くて＋可 能動詞の否定形’‘恐ろしくて＋～できない’등의 패턴으로 두려움이나 공포감에 의한 불가능함과 한계를 나타낸다. 4)부사의 수식을 받는 ‘副詞＋怖い／恐ろしい’의 경우, ‘怖い’가 공포감의정도나 변화를 평가하는 데 반해 ‘恐ろしい’는 위압감과 경외감의 크기로부터느끼는 감탄의 심경을 표현한다.

In this paper, the distinction between synonyms KOWAI, OSOROSII was examined as an example of the method of semantic description based on the corpus. In the case of ‘KOWAI／OSOROSII＋NOUN’, whereas KOWAI expresses the fear evoked by the character, nature, content, or atmosphere of a person, story, appearance, image, illness, vehicle, etc, OSOROSII refers to monsters, endings, truths, events, disasters, etc. It represents the power and momentum of pain, action, material, institution, roar, and scream, and fear that comes from power. In the case of ‘NOUN+GA+KOWAI’ ‘NOUN+NO+OSOROSII’, while KOWAI expresses fear in a relatively wide range such as strength, momentum, power, personality, temperament, content, and atmosphere, OSOROSII indicates a limited sense of fear of disasters and disasters. In the case of ‘KOWAKUTE／OSOROSIKUTE＋VERB’ which modifies predicate verbs, it is in the form of ‘KOWAKUTE + indefinite form of possible verbs’ and ‘OSOROSIKUTE＋^^DEKINAI’ to express the impossibility and limitations caused by fear or fear. In the case of ‘ADVERB＋KOWAI／OSOROSII’ which is modified by an adverb, KOWAI evaluates the degree or change of the feeling of fear, while OSOROSII expresses the feeling of admiration that comes from the magnitude of the feeling of intimidation and awe.

ICKNESS.” The Journal of Modern British & American Language & Literature 38.1:123-46. There have been many heated debates about the definitions of some near- synonyms. In particular, it is very difficult for English non-native speakers to distinguish among English synonyms and use them in appropriate contexts even if we look up the meanings in an English dictionary, which are sometimes more confusing. The objective of this study is to explore the distinctions between Disease, Illness and Sickness based on COCA ‘Binary Opposition (BO) Strategy’ proposed by Kim (2014). The basic idea of BO Strategy is that in order to distinguish sharply and effectively between a pair of near-synonyms, it is necessary to focus on a pair of (semantic/contextual) BO features, such as [actual vs. non-actual], [cause vs. effect], [controllable vs. uncontrollable] and [changeable vs. unchangeable], ect, and identify the critical differences among them. This study demonstrates that DISEASE is distinguished by BO features like [+extrinsic], [+definite], [+cured], [-hypernym], [-social], [+pain], ILLNESS distinguished by [-extrinsic], [-definite], [±cured], [+hypernym], [-social], [±pain] and SICKNESS by [-extrinsic], [-definite], [-cured], [-hypernym], [+social], [±pain].

The learning of synonyms helps Korean learners to use vocabulary accurately and precisely, to improve their vocabulary. However, the opportunity to encounter various words with synonymous relation for foreign learners is few and because their intuition is still developing, they may experience difficulties in differentiating and using synonyms. The aim of this study is to identify semantic preferences based on existing research of semantic categories of the combination relation of vocabulary and use this to help in the semantic distinction of synonyms. Using a corpus, each lexical combination aspect of synonym families was identified and by conducting an analysis of synonyms and lexical combination, the tendencies were also identified. Therefore, this type of study can provide important information in compiling a dictionary and be used in a vocabulary education setting.

This study, based on the corpus data and dictionary definition of emotional vocabulary possessing a synonymous relation such as “외롭다(lonely)/ 쓸쓸하다(desolated)/ 고독하다(solitary)”, abstracts the essential semantic characteristics and morphosyntactic information and makes an imagification of the elements, to apply them in education. According to the inquiry into the corpus data, the words “외롭다/ 쓸쓸하다/ 고독하다” are synonyms, which share the semantic feature of “loneliness”. These words express isolation and loneliness, which originates from being separated from another individual. However, “외롭다” refers to isolation coming from a “relationship rupture”, and “쓸쓸하다” means a “lonely emotion caused by lonely and desolated atmosphere and weather, while “고독하다” has the essential significance of “spontaneous and absolute loneliness”. This study summarized the meaning of each word and proposed an educational plan combined with images, explanation and examples. The learners of the Korean language desire to understand in easy way and remember for korean students, therefore, considering this aspect, this synonym education based on images can be considered very effective.

Bong, Mi-kyung. 2005. The study on the lexical information of time adverb in Korean. Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language, 30, 113～139. The purpose of this study is to analyze the lexical characteristics and to identify the usages of two time adverbs, ‘방금(just before)’ and ‘금방(just before, soon)’, based on concordances extracted from the large corpus of Korean. I begin my discussion with analyzing the definition of two adverbs in current dictionary, and examined lexical and pragmatic meaning, grammatical restriction, collocation information, register, and frequency through analyzing the corpus concordance. I extracted the concordance from ‘the 10,000,000-word balanced corpus’ developed in the ‘Sejong 21 Project’ organized by the National Academy of the Korean Language, and I used the program ‘글잡이Ⅱ' in extracting the concordance. The lexical information from analyzing the linguistic data will be useful in teaching vocabulary as a foreign language. (Yonsei University)