Earticle

본 연구는 우리나라 사과 주산지인 안동도매시장(안동농협농산물공판장)과 소비지(서울가락동청과시장)의 사과경락가격간의 상호 연관성을 도출하고자 하였다. 2005년부터 2014년까지 소비지, 산지 도매시장의 월별, 일별 계절별 경락가격 자료를 이용하여 시계열자료의 연관성 검정을 위해 공적분 검정과 벡터오차수정모형에 의해 시계열자료의 선후행성을 검정하였다. 분석결과 산지와 소비지도매시장가격은 서로 분리되어 독립적으로 형성되는 것이 아니고, 두 가격 사이에 인과관계가 존재하여 밀접한 관계를 유지하면서 가격에 있어 장기균형을 형성하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 소비지도매가격과 산지도매가격의 상호 영향력은 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 분산분해분석을 통해서 산지도매가격은 자체가격의 변동 폭에 의해서 설명되는 부분이 93.67%이고 소비지도매시장가격의 영향력은 6.33%로 낮은 수준을 보이고, 소비지도매가격은 산지 도매가격의 영향력이 90.41%로 나타나 산지가격에 매우 큰 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 안동농협농산물공판장을 포함한 사과의 산지가격과 서울청과를 중심으로 한 도매가격을 비교해 본 결과, 사과의 산지가격은 자체가격결정력이 크나 소비지도매시장은 자체적인 가격결정력이 부족하다고 볼 수 있다. 즉, 사과의 주산지도매가격이 소비지도매가격을 선도한다고 볼 수 있다.

This study aims to examine the price casuality and the short- and long-term equilibrium between prices of Andong Nonghyup agricultural wholesale Market and wholesale Markets of consumers using a Johansen cointegration test and a variance decomposition analysis by the vector error correlation model (VECM). Yearly, monthly and daily data of Andong and Garak wholesale prices of apples from January 2005 to December 2014 are used. The results show that two market prices are in long-term equilibrium with a strong cointegration relationship and that the Andong wholesale price has a significant positive effect on the Garak wholesale price. It was found by the variance decomposition analysis that the Andong wholesale market price is 93.67% explained by its own price volatilities and only 6.33% by the Garak wholesale market price, whereas the Garak wholesale market price is 90.41% accounted for by the Andong wholesale market price. This paper suggests that, in case of apples, the Andong wholesale market has great pricing power while the Garak wholesale market has a lack of it, which indicates that the Andong wholesale price leads the Garak wholesale price.

The purpose of this study is to estimate participation decision for cross-compliance membership using sample selection model. The main results are as follows; Firstly, farm area has a positive and significant impact on cross-compliance members. This result implies that farm households with a larger area of land are more likely to deliver to local agricultural cooperatives. Secondly, the coefficient on age of farmers is significant and positively related to cross-compliance members. The farm households with older farmers are more prefer to delivering to cooperatives. Thirdly, number of farm household has a positive and significant relationship with cross-compliance members. It means that the more number of farm household, the more delivery to local cooperatives. Fourthly, full-time farmers are more likely to participate in cross-compliance members. Finally, the farmers that are higher commercial agriculture has a positive impact on participating in cross-compliance members.

본 연구는 최근 들어 인터넷의 생활화와 더불어 급속도로 증가하고 있는 e-비즈니스 환경 속에서의마케팅 도구를 살펴보고 이를 바탕으로 호텔기업의 효과적인 e-비즈니스 마케팅 도구로 사용되기 위한방향성을 제시하고자 하였다. e-마케팅이란, 고객의 필요, 욕구, 꿈을 찾아내어 그것들을 채워줄 수 있는 가치 상품이나 서비스를 경쟁자보다 더 효과적으로 그리고 효율적으로 전달하는데 바로 인터넷이라는 전자적 수단을 사용하는 것을 뜻한다. 본 연구는 최근 들어 인터넷의 생활화와 더불어 급속도로 증가하고 있는 e-비즈 환경 속에서 호텔기업 온라인 예약사이트 10곳과, 국내 유명 호텔 5곳의 형태별 e-마케팅 현황을 살펴보았다. 이를 바탕으로 효과적인 e-비즈 마케팅 도구로 사용되기 위한 방향성을 제시하고자 하였다.

As the Internet has deeply penetrated into our daily lives, there are rapid increases in marketing tools for e-business environment. This this backdrop, this study aimed to suggest orientations for hotel companies to better use e-business marketing tools. E-marketing means using the electronic mean of the Internet to find out customers’ needs, desires and dreams and offer them value products or services that satisfy them more effectively and efficiently than competitors.This study investigated e-marketing activities of ten online hotel booking sites and five popular hotels in Korea, which has witnessed a rapid expansion of e-business environment following the penetration of the Internet into the people’s daily lives. Based on the investigation, the study aimed to suggest orientations for hotel companies to better use E-business marketing tools.

본 연구는 공영택지개발사업 추진과정에서 발생하는 갈등과정에서의 인과관계를 파악하고, 갈등수준과 갈등관리에 따른 영향 관계를 연구함으로써 효율적인 공영택지개발사업 추진을 위한 대안 연구에 목적이 있다. 선행연구 고찰을 통하여 공영택지개발사업 갈등과정으로 갈등원인, 갈등수준, 갈등관리 및 갈등결과 만족 여부에 대한 인과관계를 정립하여 연구모형을 제시하였고, 택지개발사업 주민을 대상으로 설문하여 데이터를 구축하였으며, 설정된 연구가설 검증을 위한 실증분석을 통해 갈등의 원인인 목표의 차이, 의사소통의 장애, 한정된 자원경쟁이 갈등수준에 유의한 영향을 미치며, 갈등수준도 갈등결과에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었으며, 협조, 타협, 적응의 순기능적 갈등관리가 갈등결과 만족에 유의한 영향 관계가 있음을 분석 하였다. 결국 공영택지개발사업 갈등과정에서의 인과관계는 적응에 의한 갈등관리 행위와 갈등수준이 갈등결과 만족도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 갈등은 완전한 해결보다는 갈등의 원인이 될 수 있는 요인들을 사전에 차단하여 갈등수준의 조절로 갈등의 순기능적인 상태를 유지하는 관리행위가 필요하다.

This study identifies a casual relationship in the course of conflicts that arises in the process of public land development projects and aims at the alternative research for effective public land development by studying the influencing relationship in level of conflict and conflict management. This study suggests the research model after establishing a casual relationship about the process of public land development including conflict cause, conflict level, conflict management and satisfaction of conflict outcome through investigating previous studies, also, builds data from a survey of residents in development district. The hypothesis is confirmed by actual analysis as conflict causes-difference of goal, communication problem and competition of limited resources-have a decisive effect on conflict level and conflict level also has a decisive effect on result of conflict, and functional conflict management such as cooperation, compromise and adaptation has a significant effect on satisfaction about conflict outcome. After all, the behavior of conflict management by adaptation and conflict level highly influence on satisfaction about conflict outcome. Therefore, conflict needs to maintain management for functional state with control of conflict level by preventing factors which can become causes of conflict rather than complete solution.

The Regional Agricultural Cooperatives, which was formed by the members who have mostly homogeneous interest and started from Eup and Myeon unit in 1973, has made quantitative and qualitative growth in business and management volume. However, the agricultural population decreased due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. Therefore, the use of non-members is significantly increasing. Also, according to aging of agricultural population and change of rural structure, various segregation of layers such as senior members, new members, exclusive members and sleeping members are seriously progressing. This research is to observe the status and problems of Regional Agricultural Cooperatives membership in the changing environment of rural area, to find its improvement to be sustainable and specially focused on setting up criteria for members which is well suited to the reality of a rural community rather than performing detailed and concrete analysis.

Inner ear is an important organ that is responsible for balance and hearing. It is composed of two complicated major subunits, vestibular organ and cochlea. During development, both functional units require complex genetic interactions to achieve proper patterning and morphology as its purpose. This review comprises three parts. In the first part, general information about technical tools in studying mouse ear development is introduced. In the second part, it is shown how semicircular canals are formed and what genetic interaction is involved in canal formation. In the last part, genetic interactions required for proper development of cochlea are elaborated, focusing on the length of cochlea and morphology of organ of Corti. The study about development of mutant mice provides us useful information about genetic interaction involved in the formation of structures for hearing and balance. The data acquired in the development field could provide a breakthrough to hair cell regeneration and stem cell therapy fields in stuck, which are directly applicable to human. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2010;53:265-74

고관절 후방탈구와 동반된 대퇴골두 골절은 드문 손상으로 개방성 정복 후 내고정술을 시행하기도 하며, 골절편이 작고 분쇄상 이 심할 경우 골절편 제거술을 시행하기도 한다. Pipkin Ⅰ, Ⅱ형 골절의 골절편은 상당 부분 대퇴골두 전방에 위치하게 된다. 따라서 골절편 고정이 가능하다면 비록 중심와(fovea centralis) 하방 골절이라도 이를 제거하는 것이 선호되지는 않는다. 대퇴 골두 골절 치료에 유용한 도구인 자가압박 기전이 있는 Acutrak 나사를 사용하여 대퇴골두 골절 3예를 치료하였다. 치료 결과 를 보고하면서 Acutrak 나사의 적절한 사용법에 대해 고려해 보고자 한다.

Femoral head fracture with posterior dislocation of the hip occurs relatively infrequently. Many treatment options exist for this condition. The fracture fragments of the femoral head can be internally fixed or removed depending on the severity of fracture comminution, fragment size, and location on the weight-bearing surface of the femoral head. In Pipkin type Ⅰ and Ⅱ fractures, the fragments are typically located anteriorly. Hence, it is important to strongly fix the fracture fragments to the femoral head rather than to excise them, in the interest of securing a better outcome. Even if the fragments are caudal to the fovea centralis, the discarding of large portions of the femoral head that are amenable to rigid fixation is not preferred. Three femoral head fractures were treated using Acutrak screws incorporated with a self-compression mechanism. We report the results and consider ways to use Acutrak screws.

Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) is classically described as an infection of the external auditory canal invading the base of the skull. SBO occurs most commonly in elderly diabetics and is almost uniformly caused by Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Fungal SBO is very rare and usually caused by Aspergillus, and less commonly by Candida. The diagnosis of fungal SBO can be delayed because cultures growing fungal pathogens are slow and often interpreted incorrectly as an opportunistic colonization. This may lead to delayed treatment and greater morbidity. The lack of definitive bacterial cultures and inadequate responses to antipseudomonal therapy should raise the possibility of fungal infection, and biopsy of skull base should be obtained to confirm the causative organism, as well as ruling out an underlying malignancy. Fungal SBO is a medical, not a surgical disease. Surgery may also be indicated if the disease plateaus or doesnt on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We have recently encountered two rare cases of SBO that were caused by Candida. The patients were much improved following mastoidectomy and intravenous amphotericin B. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2006;49:743-6)

Background and Objectives：Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) is muscle reflex caused by surface electrodes following repeated high-intensity auditory stimulation. The current study attempted to determine whether VEMP can be consistently evoked from the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) by the 100 dB air-conducted and 50 dB bone-conducted 500 Hz-tone burst. Subjects and Method：Air-conducted and bone-conducted VEMPs in response to 500 Hz-tone burst were recorded from the SCM of 13 normal volunteers. Subjects were seated on their chairs and made to hold their heads turned up as far as possible towards the side, contralateral to the stimulated ear voluntarily. Two different sound durations (rise/fall time=2 msec, plateau time=2 msec[2/2] and rise/fall time=5 msec, plateau time=5 msec[5/5]) were presented through a insertphone or bone vibrators. Latencies and amplitudes of p13 and n23 responses were measured. Results：All normal volunteers showed p13-n23 responses to 50 dB bone-conducted tone burst as well as to 100 dB air-conducted tone burst. The values of latency of p13 and n23 were the most reliable at 5/5 air-conducted in evaluation by coefficiency of variance. Mean p13 and N23 latencies by airconducted tone burst were significantly longer than those of bone-conducted. Mean p13-n23 amplitudes by air-conducted tone burst were significantly larger than those by bone-conducted at 2/2 sound duration. Conclusion：VEMP could be consis-tently evoked by the 100 dB air-conducted and 50 dB bone-conducted 500 Hz-tone burst, especially at 5/5 air-conducted. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2006;49:143-7)

Background and Objectives：Isolated lesions of the sphenoid sinus are a rare disease entity that occurs after a wide use ofantibiotics. This lesion may have severe complications such as cranial nerve palsies due to its deep location in the skull. The useof endoscopic surgery for the sphenoid sinus has become popular for its several advantages. We report our experiences of 56case-isolated sphenoid lesions with a review of articles. Subjects and Method：Fifty-six patients with isolated sphenoidlesions who were treated at Seoul National University Hospital from January 1985 through December 2003 were analyzed.Patients who have lesions confined to the sphenoid sinus on radiologic images (CT or MRI) were included. A retrospectivechart review was performed with respect to the patients symptom, pathology and surgical outcome. Results：Thirty-nine of 56cases were inflammatory lesions, 8 neoplastic lesions, and 9 fibrous dysplasias. Headache was the most common symptom(66%), followed by nasal symptoms such as nasal obstruction and postnasal drip. Ophthalmologic symptoms were observed in14 cases. Endoscopic transnasal sphenoidotomy was perforemd in 33 of 39 cases of inflammatory diseases. Symptoms werecompletely improved in 32 cases after the operation and ophthalmologic symptoms were nearly all improved in all cases.Conclusion：The wide use of CT and MRI has increased the detection of isolated lesions of the sphenoid sinus. Complicationslike cranial nerve palsies were uncommon unlike from the reports that came out in the country. Primary physicians must rule outisolated lesions of the sphenoid to account for intractable headaches.

Today, our farming industry is in a total crisis. For the government, it is becoming harder to keep on clinging to a policy to stabilize the price of the goods. Not only does the decreasing level of income undermines the farming industry but it also jeopardizes the economic status of the farmers.At this critical juncture where the viability of the Nonghyup loses its momentum, the Cooperatives should concentrate on building up a system that promotes the frequent use of the members and invigorates the reconsideration of the efficiency based on the perception that it exists in its pure idea to provide the members all kinds of services and benefits by allotting the profits among them in proportion to the record of the use.This research came up with a comparison analysis by grouping as below based on the average results from 1998 to 2003.

Background and Objectives：The present study was undertaken to determine and to compare the characteristics of bone wax, fibrofatty tisues or bone graft materials (Lubboc)Materials and Method：The guinea pigs were used to perform obliteration of the dorsal bullae of the temporal bone using bone wax, fibrofatty tisues or Lubboc. Twelve weeks after transplantation, the animals were sacrificed, and histological sections were prepared. Histological evaluations were performed to determine changes of the dorsal bulae mucosa of the temporal bone and the implanted materials. Results：reactions within the dorsal bullae mucosa of the temporal bone. A large amount of absorption was observed in the fibrofatty tissue. On the other hand, in the case using Luboc, real bonds between the new bone and native bone were observed, as wel as a ma-ture trabecular bone traversing throughout the entire implant materials. Bone formation as induced by the Lubocimplantation appeared to be a physiological reaction, which was further supported by observation of extensive neovascularization within the Conclusion：Based on our curent observations, we consider Lubbocas a superior implant material for bone wax and fibrofatty tisues.

사청은 개인적 이득을 목적으로 자신의 청력을 의식적으로 나쁘게 표현하는 것을 말하며, 주로 성인들에서 볼 수 있다. 사회경제적 여건의 개선과 건강에 대한 관심, 그리고 청력보존프로그램의 활성화로 사람들의 청각 평가의 기회가 많아졌다. 이러한 여건 변화는 사청 동기를 자연스럽게 높이는 계기가 되었다. 또한 사고 후 경제적 보상을 목적으로 사청을 시도하는 경우도 많아지고 있다. 사청은 반복 시행한 순음청력검사 결과의 비교나 여러 주관적 청각 평가에서 확인된 최소가청역치 사이의 비교, 그리고 객관적 청각 평가로 감별 진단한다. 이 사례는 교통사고 후, 좌측이 심한 양측성 난청과 이명을 호소하는 피검자의 편측성 사청에 대한 보고이다. 순음청력검사의 상승법과 하강법으로 구한 기도 최소가청역치가 모든 검사 주파수에서 오차 범위로 비교적 일치하나 차폐 후 구한 기도 및 골도 최소가청역치로 사청을 예측할 수 있었다. 어음청력검사와 뇌간유발반응으로 검증한 후 그 결과를 보고한다.

Pseudohypacusis(malingering deafness) are exaggerate a hearing loss when secondary personal gains or other issues are involved from having a hearing loss. In most commonly encountered in adult. With improvement of socioeconomical background, an interest in health and activation of hearing conservation program, people more frequently meet with chance of audiological assessment. This situation change naturally, increasingly evoked motivation of pseudohypacusis. and also increase in case of after trauma for the purpose of financial compensation. It could judge pseudohypacusis by various conventional audiological assessment that were discrepancy between hearing threshold level of pure tone and speech audiometry or repeated pure tone audiometry. Objective audiological procedure are also useful tool for detection of pseudohypacusis. In this study, it is considered about only case of unilateral pseudohypacusis of subject with tinnitus and bilateral hearing loss that is worse in left ear than in right ear after traffic accident. Air conduction(AC) hearing threshold level(HTL) of ascending and descending method of pure tone audiometry were comparatively consistency at all test frequencies. But We predicted pseudohypacusis because discrepancy of masked AC and bone conduction(BC) HTL were shown. Finally, We certified pseudohypacusis through speech audiometry and auditory brainstem response.

Background and Objectives：The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of threshold estimates determined by the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) in a group of sedated infants and young children with a range of hearing losses. Materials and Method：Two studies were performed because the behavioral audiometric information was not available from infants and young children. In the first study, a retrospective analysis was performed for 36 children (mean age：3 years 4 months) who had completed auditory brainstem response (ABR) and pure tone audiometry to verify that ABR threshold is a good predictor for pure tone threshold in our laboratory. The ABR thresholds to 500 Hz, 1000 Hz tone-pip and click were compared with behavioral thresholds. In the second study, a prospective analysis of 23 children (mean age：12 months), the ABR thresholds to 500 Hz, 1000 Hz tone-pip and click were compared with ASSR thresholds to amplitude and frequency modulated tones. Results：The first study in which strong correlations were found between ABR and pure tone thresholds (r≥0.92) demonstrated that ABR thresholds could be used to predict the pure tone thresholds. The second study which showed that ASSR thresholds were highly correlated with ABR thresholds (r≥0.93) indicated that ASSR thresholds provided reliable audiometric information in infants and young children. Conclusion：These studies showed that ASSR could be used to estimate hearing thresholds with reliable accuracy in infants and young children.

Ⅰ. 머릿말

The purpose of The Regional Agricultural Cooperatives is to promote business use.In order to answer for the purpose, we have to formulate a system which can raise business use efficiency. That is to say we are hoping to increase of participation and business use by changing from contribution share to patronage refunds for increase of capital raise.

Background and Objectives：The objectives of tympanoplasty are the removal of pathology and the reconstruction of transdu-cer mechanism of the middle ear. Aims of this study were to analyze the postoperative hearing results after tympanoplasty type I Materials and Method：From January 1996 through January 2001, 138 cases of tympanoplasty type I performed by one senior surgeon were reviewed retrospectively. Revision cases or canal down mastoidectomy cases were excluded. Results：Out of 138 cases, 120 cases (87% ) showed air-bone gap of less than 20 dB in postoperative 1-year, the postoperative 1-year air-bone gap (ABG) was 9.6± 8.6 dB and postoperative 1-year hearing gain was 12.2± drainage developed in 5%. There was no deterioration of bone conduction. Patients with large perforation had more hearing gain following operation. Postoperative reperforation developed more frequently when the middle ear mucosa was inflamed preoperatively. The postoperative hearing deterioration was mainly due to infection that was uncontrolled preoperatively. Conclusion：Postoperative hearing gain was related to the size of perforation. It is important to control the infection preopera-tively for the improvement of the result following tympanoplasty type I. ;45 :1130-5)

Background and Objectives：Hyperacusis is an abnormaly strong reaction which occurs within auditory pathways resul-ting from exposure to moderate sound. More patients are inflicted with it than with tinitus, acounting for a relatively high Among various psychoacoustic evaluations, loudnes discomfort level (LDL) is frequently used in the evaluation of hyperac-usis. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate a proportion of hyperacusis in tinnitus patients and characterize LDL in hyperacusis and tinnitus patients as a diagnostic test. Materials and Method：Using 186 patients with tinnitus as experiment group and 35 acoustically normal persons as control group, pure tone audiometry (PTA), LDL, and dynamic range (DR) were checked. Results：Amongst the total number of tinnitus patients, there were 10 hyperacusis patients (5.38%) . Those hyperacusis patients had much lower LDL (73.50 dB) and DR (41.50 dB) than tinnitus patients without hyperacusis (LDL：100.90 dB, DR：67.20 dB) as wel as the control group (LDL：104.86 dB, DR：93.98 dB). Conclusion：Hyperacusis patients consist 5.38% (10/186) and have much lower LDL than tinnitus patients without hyperacusis and the control group. There is a po-sitive correlation betwen hyperacusis and LDL. Therefore, in a diagnosis of hyperacusis, it is essential to check LDL and take a careful look into the history from patients. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2002;45:561-8)

Background and Objectives：Salicylate is one of the most comonly prescribed drugs although it has been recognized including an impairment of the cochlear blod circulation. But the exact mechanism of salicylate ototoxicity is not known cl-early. The purpose of this present study was to determine if the decreased blood flow after salicylate injection could be the possible cause of hearing loss. Material and Methods：We used the ventral approach to expose cochlea in 5 guinea pigs showing normal Preyer reflex. We simultaneously measured cochlear blood flow (CBF) by laser doppler and distortion pro-(DPOAE) after a high dose of salicylate injection (300 mg/kg). Results：After salicylate injection, the cochlear blood flow were decreased by 29.1% in a 3 hour period and the thresholds of DPOAE were elevated by 5 to 25 dB for 3 kHz, 4 kHz, 6 kHz, 8 kHz. Conclusion：Sodium salicylate caused a decrease in cochlear blood flow and an incr-that the ototoxic mechanism of sodium salicylate could be explained by a certain damage of out hair cell due to decrease in cochlear blood flow. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2002;45:544-9)