Earticle

In Oriental medicine, the status of tongue is the important indicator to diagnose one's health, because it represents physiological and clinicopathological changes of inner parts of the body. The method of tongue diagnosis is not only convenient but also non-invasive, therefore, tongue diagnosis is one of the most widely used in Oriental medicine. But tongue diagnosis is affected by examination circumstances a lot. It depends on a light source, degrees of an angle, doctor's condition and so on. So it is not easy to make an objective and standardized tongue diagnosis. As part of way to solve this problem, in this study, we tried to design a discriminant function for white and yellow coating with multi-dimensional color vectors. There were 62 subjects involved in this study, among them 48 subjects diagnosed as white-coated tongue and 14 subjects diagnosed as yellow-coated tongue by oriental doctors. And their tongue images were acquired by a well-made Digital Tongue Diagnosis System. From those acquired tongue images, each coating section were extracted by oriental doctors, and then mean values of multi -dimensional color vectors in each coating section were calculated. By statistical analysis, two significant vectors, R in RGB space and H in HSV space, were found that they were able to describe the difference between white coating section and yellow coating section very well. Using these two values, we designed the discriminant function for coating classification and examined how good it works. As a result, the overall accuracy of coating classification was 98.4%. We can expect that the discriminant function for other coatings can be obtained in a similar way. Furthermore, if an automated segmentation algorithm of tongue coating is combined with these discriminant functions, an automated tongue coating diagnosis can be accomplished.

Introduction: In Oriental medicine, the status of tongue is the important indicator to diagnose one's health, because it represents physiological and clinicopathological changes of inner parts of the body. The method of tongue diagnosis is not only convenient but also non-invasive, so tongue diagnosis is most widely used in Oriental medicine. By the way, since tongue diagnosis is affected by examination circumstances a lot, its performance depends on a light source, degrees of an angle, a medical doctor's condition etc. Therefore, it is not easy to make an objective and standardized tongue diagnosis. In order to solve this problem, in this study, we tried to design a discriminant function for thick and thin coating with color vectors of preprocessed image. Method: 52 subjects, who were diagnosed as white-coated tongue, were involved. Among them, 45 subjects diagnosed as thin coating and 7 subjects diagnosed as thick coating by oriental medical doctors, and then their tongue images were obtained from a digital tongue diagnosis system. Using those acquired tongue images, we implemented two steps: Preprocessing and image analyzing. The preprocessing part of this method includes histogram equalization and histogram stretching at each color component, especially, intensity and saturation. It makes the difference between tongue substance and tongue coating was more visible, so that we can separate tongue coating easily. Next part, we analyzed the characteristic of color values and found the threshold to divide tongue area into coating area. Then, from tongue coating image, it is possible to extract the variables that were important to classify thick and thin coating. Result : By statistical analysis, two significant vectors, associated with G, were found, which were able to describe the difference between thick and thin coating very well. Using these two variables, we designed the discriminant function for coating classification and examined its performance. As a result, the overall accuracy of thick and thin coating classification was 92.3%. Discussion : From the result, we can expect that the discriminant function is applicable to other coatings in a similar way. Also, it can be used to make an objective and standardized diagnosis.

본 연구는 미강을 발효식품에 이용하고자 상업용 균주인 Streptococcus thermophilus를 이용하여 탈지분유와 미강으로 요구르트를 제조하고 발효시간 경과에 따라 pH와 산도, 젖산균수, 점도, 유기산의 측정과 관능평가를 측정하였다. 대조군인 탈지분유로 만든 요구르트는6시간 배양시에 pH 4.5에 도달하였으나 미강첨가 요구르트는 대조군에 비해 pH가 빠르게 낮아졌는데 첨가량이 증가할수록 더욱 빠르게 낮아졌다. 산도의 경우대조군은 배양 4시간이 되자 적정산도인 1.0%에 도달하였으나 미강을 첨가한 경우 1%, 2% 첨가군은 대조군과 같이 배양 4시간이 소요되었고, 4%, 6%, 8% 첨가군은 배양 초기부터 적정 산도인 1.0%를 초과하였다. 젖산균 수는 대조군과 실험군 모두 배양 8시간동안 뚜렷한 경향없이 10$^{11}$${\sim}$10$^{15}$CFU/m1사이로 존재하였다. 점도는 대조군이 가장 낮았고, 미강 첨가량이 증가할수록 높았으며, 저장기간이 증가함 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 주석산과 젖산 함량이 대조군보다 미강 첨가군들이 대체로 높았으며 대조군에 보이지 않던 이소부티르산이 나타나기도 하였다. 색도의 경우 L 값과 b값이 대조군이 전 저장 시간동안 높았으나 a값은 낮았다. 관능검사에서 전반적인 기호도는 대조군이 가장 높았고 미강첨가량이 증가할수록 낮아졌다. 색, 향은 2% 미강첨가군이 가장 높다고 하였으나 미강 첨가량이 증가할수록 전반적인 기호도는 점점 감소하였다. 이와 같은 실험결과 미강은 요구르트에 1% 이하로 첨가하는 것이 바람직하며 요구르트의 원료로 사용하기 위해서든 젖산균의 선정 및 요구르트 원료의 적절한 배합 등에 관한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

To strengthen the usage of rice bran, the yogurt containing skim milk powder and rice bran was fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus Control group was yogurt containing only skim milk 15.4% and experimental groups were replaced the part of skim milk 1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%, by rice bran, The amount of lactic acid and tartaric acid were increased according to the amount of rice bran during fermentation and the viscosity was also increased, too. The more the addition of rice bran to yogurt was increased, the more the sensory properties, such as fragrance, texture and overall preference were reduced. This experiment suggest that it's desirable to add rice bran 1% or less than 2% to the yogurt and further research for the selection of lactic acid bacteria and for adequate proportion of skim milk powder and rice bran is needed.

산업 분야에서의 업무 전산화 이전에는 원시적인 기입식 장부정리로 비효율적인 상품관리와 인적 자원낭비가 심하였다. 그러나 최근 많은 업체들이 전자적인 문서관리 시스템 도입으로 업무능력 향상과 비용절감 효과로 업체의 경쟁력이 높아지고 있으며, 최근 인터넷 사용자의 급증으로 많은 시스템들이 네트워크로 연결되어 정보의 공유와 효율적인 정보관리를 필요로 하고 있다. 기존의 텍스트 기반 정보에서 벗어나 멀티미디어 기반의 정보를 요구하고 있으며, 상품 정보의 전자카탈로그(E-Catalog) 시스템 도입으로 실시간 상품 이미지와 정보를 제공해 판매자와 고객간의 신뢰할 수 있는 정보가 제공되며, 모바일(Mobile) 통신의 장점 인 이동성, 편재성, 실시간성, 휴대성 등을 활용한 기술개발과 상품화가 요구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 모바일 기술을 활용하여 휴대용 단말 장치를 이용한 귀금속$\cdot$보석분야의 이동성이 보장되는 휴대용 B2B 시스템을 구축하였다.

Previous to do business computerization of industry field, it isn't efficient for write down all account book. Recently many companies competitive is raised from competence improvement for a task and cost-cutting for electronic data processing system. Moreover, sudden increase of internet-user need effective management information system and share information because of network connection. Accordingly, it needs to get out of text base information system from multimedia base system and it need to introduce E-catalog system of merchandise information. In addition, it is required technological development and merchandising with movement, real time omnipresent. carrying. In this paper, established portable B2B system with movement of precious metals and jewels field's portable terminal from mobile technology.

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Incheon adjacent sea, and antimicrobial effect on growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide and combination of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The detected strains were compared geographical, months and sample types. The distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was high at Ganghwa county with 66.1%(336 samples), on 7-9 months with 72.4%(386 samples) and from tireland with 75.0%(90 samples), respectively. The minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lactic acid in Vibrio parahaemolyticus were 1250 ppm at pH 6.5 and 7.0, 625 ppm at pH 6.0. respectively. The minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC) of hydrogen peroxide in Vibrio parahaemolyticus were 25 ppm at pH 6.5 and 7.0, 12.5 ppm at pH 6.0, respectively. MICs of combined treatment of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide in Vibrio parahaemolyticus were 625 ppm of lactic acid with 12.5 ppm of hydrogen peroxide. The correlations between MICs of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide in Vibrio parahaemolyticus were obtained through the coefficient of determination($R^2$). $R^2$ value were 1.0000. The antimicrobial effect of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide in Vibrio parahaemolyticus could be confirmed from the result of this experiment.

Pulse feeling is one of the most important diagnosis method in Oriental medicine. But it is not easy to make an objective and standardized diagnosis. In this study, we found how to quantify diagnosis. Specially dally the high practicality in clinic, we search some parameters especially well-related to floating and sinking pulse by statistic analysis. By extension, we find the pulse patterns of the floating and sinking pulse. We choose 15 subjects diagnosed as floating pulse and 15 subjects diagnosed as sinking pulse by oriental doctors. And their pulse signals were acquired by Pulse analyzer which has piezoresistive pressure sensor. For the quantification of the floating and sinking pulse, at first, we examined the parameters which were highly correlated with oriental doctor's diagnosis. And then we derived pulse patterns of the floating-sinking pulse from preprocessed signal and its ensemble average. We also looked trend variation (PH-Curve) between contact and pulse pressure. As a result, statistically there is the biggest difference between contact pressure, the maximum pulse pressure, diastolic area (Ad) and floating and sinking data. Through the PH-Curve, which represented the relationship between contact and pulse pressure, we could divide the floating and sinking pulse clearly. As a basic research of pulse diagnosis algorithm, we can contribute to select essential parameters in diagnosis algorithm And using these diagnosis method, we expect to find typical pulse patterns and some useful parameters about other pulses like slow/rapid, large/fine pulse and so on. We hope that this study will contribute pulse objectification.

Objectives: TuRo, defined as a dance therapy applying the meridian Qi system into the dancing movements, may have effects on ameliorating the psychological symptoms that often appear in adolescent students in a stressful situation. The Objective of the present study was to examine whether TuRo training relieves the psychological symptoms in adolescent female students. Methods: Symptom Check List-90-Revision (SCL-90-R), a 5 point Likert scale, consisted of 90 items that represent psychological symptoms, were used to measure the psychological health status in healthy adolescent female. Twenty two adolescent female students were trained TuRo dancing for two months while 29 in control group were trained mimicked movements without the concept of Qi for the same period. Changes in Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive behaviors, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic Anxiety, Parinoid Ideation and Psychotic symptoms by the two months of training were compared between TuRo and control groups using SCL-9Q-R. Results: Among the nine-categorized psychological symptoms, the somatization and hostility were significantly reduced in TuRo group (p<O.01, p<0.05, respectively). Obsessive-Compulsive symptoms, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Phobic Anxiety, Hostility, Psychoticism were significantly reduced by two months of training (p<0.05, p<O.Ol, p<0.05, p<O.Ol, p<O.01), however, group differences were not detected. Conclusions: Symptoms of somatization and hostility were significantly reduced by TuRo training. Our finding indicates that TuRo training may have therapeutic effects on the psychological symptoms in teen age girls who may suffer stress-related symptoms.

목 적 : 과산화수소는 산화적 스트레스를 통해 아폽토시스를 유도하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 과산화수소로 유발된 신경아세포종 아폽토시스 과정에서 호도약침액의 효과를 관찰하였다. 방 법 : 과산화수소로 인한 신경아세포종의 아폽토시스에서 호도약침액의 효과를 알아보기 위해 배양 중인 신경아세포종에 과산화수소를 처리하고, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MIT)분석법, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) 염색법, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting의 방법으로 확인하였다. 결 과 : 과산화수소로 인한 신경아세포종의 아폽토시스에서 호도약침액을 처리한 결과, 약침액을 처리한 세포의 생존이 약 30% 정도 증가하고, 핵 응축과 단편화를 막아주며, CASP3와 BAX단백질의 발현이 감소되었다. 결 론 : 이러한 결과로 호도약침액이 과산화수소로 인한 신경아세포종의 아폽토시스과정에서 보호효과를 나타내는 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, we search some parameters well-related to floating-sinking pulse by statistical analysis, because these pulses are frequently used in clinic. Pulse signals were acquired by 3D pulse analyzer and 30 subjects consist of 15 people diagnosed as floating pulse and 15 people diagnosed as sinking pulse by oriental doctors who have over 5 years clinical experience. Then, we made a representative beat template for each subject and, through a peak detection algorithm, we calculated several pulse parameters. To find the parameters related to floating-sinking pulse, we performed statistical testing with 17 parameters through the independence sampling, t-test. As a result, there is the biggest difference between pressure, the maximum pulse pressure, diastolic area(Ad) and float-sink data. (p < .05).

본 연구에서는 planetary milling을 사용하여 Ti 분말과 $Si_3N_4$와의 반응이 일어나도록 하여 nano $TiN_x$을 제조하였다. 이렇게 얻어진 분말은 Ti 분말과 혼합하여 SPS 소결 장치를 이용하여 소결하였으며 이 소결체의 고온에서의 경도변화를 조사하기위해 $850^{\circ}C$에서 열처리하였다. 분말의 물성평가는 X선 회절분석을 통해 결정상의 변화를 분석하였으며, 그 결과 milling 시간이 10시간의 milling에서는 $TiN_{0.26}$과 TiN이 혼재되어 있으며 20시간의 milling에서는 주로 TiN이 생성되는 것으로 확인되었다. 제조된 분말의 표면관찰을 통해서는 milling 시간이 증가할 수로 입자표면에 새로 형성된 반응물 size 분포를 조사하였으며, milling 시간이 길수록 입자표면의 $TiN_x$ 입자의 사이즈가 $10{\sim}20nm$ 정도로 작아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. Ti와 $TiN_x$를 중량비로 50:50로 혼합하여 제조한 소결체의 경도는 마이크로비커스 경도 값으로 $1050kgf/mm^2$ 정도를 나타내었다.

We fabricated the nano $TiN_x$ by making of reaction between titanium powder and $Si_3N_4$ during planetary milling. The $TiN_x$ powder was sintered by spark plasma sintering machine after mixing with 50 wt% of titanium powder, and the sintered body was heat-treated at $850^{\circ}C$ in order to investigate its hardness property at the elevated temperature. We analyzed crystal structure by XRD. We observed the peaks of $TiN_{0.26}$ and TiN after 10 hours milling, and we observed TiN peak mainly after 20 hours milling. The reacted particle size distribution was investigated by FE-SEM. Increase of milling time, the size of reacted particles was decreased and the $10{\sim}20nm$ size of $TiN_x$ on the surface of titanium and $TiN_x$ was observed after 20 hours milling. The micro-Vickers hardness of mixed sintered body was about $1050kgf/mm^2$.

The present study determined the estimated dietary fiber (DF) intake per capita of Korean from 1991 to 2001 and analyzed the major food sources of dietary fiber for Korean using the data on per capita consumption of each food reported in the Korean National (Health and) Nutrition Survey Reports and the recently established DF database by the Korean Nutrition Society. The estimated mean daily DF intakes of Korean during the last 11 years $(1991{\sim}2001)$ were in the range of $19.25{\sim}21.22\;g\;or\;9.97{\sim}11.99\;g/1,000\;kcal$ with a small range of fluctuations. As of 2001, average DF intake per capita of Korean was estimated as 20.92 g or 10.59 g/1,000 kcal. The average DF intake level was under the Adequate Intake for DF (12 g per 1,000 kcal) of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans established in 2005. The level of DF intake was relatively lower in small city residents compared to the large city or rural area. The top two major food group sources of DF for Korean were vegetables and cereals, in addition, legumes, fruits, seaweeds and seasonings were included among top five food groups. The ratio of DF intake from fruits was gradually increased but the ratio from legumes was steadily decreased during the last 11 years. The mostly contributed single foods for DF intakes of Korean were Kimchi and rice regardless of year and area. Percentage of DF intake from top ten single foods was continuously decreased from 65% in 1991 to 51 % in 2001. The results of this study revealed that DF intakes of Korean as of 2001 is insufficient compared to the Adequate Intake for DF for Korean and the source of fiber in Korean diet has been more various. Therefore the beneficial health effects of DF and the increased consumption of DF from a variety of food sources should be continuously emphasized through the nutritional education.

Objectives : To examine any potential relationships between the types of alopecia and the facial heat distribution in patients with alopecia. Methods : 183 patients with alopecia participated in this study to provide facial heat distribution measured by the Infrared Thermography Scanner (ITS, Nec San-ei Instruments Ltd, Japan). The thermography scan was used in a light- and heat-protected room after 20 minutes' of rest. 1.5m of distance was maintained between the patients and the scanner. Results : Specificity in the type of facial heat distribution was found as follow. 1. Types of facial heat distribution can be classified as T-type and diffused patterns. 2. There was a significant difference in the pattern of facial heat distribution among different types of alopecia (p=0.002): facial heat distribution appeared T-type in androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, and telogen effluvium (71.3%, 85.7%, 70.4%), whereas diffused pattern was dominant in seborrheic alopecia (55.6%). 3. There was a significant difference in the pattern of facial heat distribution between men and women (p<0.001) : While the T-type and diffused type appeared equally in men (50.6% : 49.4%), T-type was dominant in women (88.0% vs. 12.0%). Conclusions : We conclude that the pattern of facial heat distribution differs depending on the types of alopecia and gender. These differences may provide useful information for diagnosis and clinical therapy for this population.

Objectives: To examine any potential relationships between the types of alopecia and the facial heat distribution in patients with alopecia Methods: 183 patients with alopecia participated in this study to provide facial heat distribution measured by the Infrared Thermography Scanner (ITS, Nec San-ei Instruments Ltd, Japan). The thermography scan was used in a light-and heat-protected room after 20 minutes’of resting period. 1.5m of distance maintained between the patients and ITS. Results: Specificity in the type of facial heat distribution was found as follow. 1. Types of facial heat distribution can be classified as T-type and diffused patterns. 2. There was a significant difference in the pattern of facial heat distribution among different types of alopecia (p=0.002): facial heat distribution appeared T-type in Androgenic Alopecia, Alopecia Areata, and Telogen Effluvium (71.3%, 85.7%, 70.4%), whereas diffused pattern was dominant in Seborrheic Alopecia(55.6%). 3. There was a significant difference in the pattern of facialheat distribution between men and women (p<0.001): While the T-type and diffused type were equally appeared in men (50.6%: 49.4%), T-type was dominant in women (88.0% vs. 12.0%). Conclusions: We conclude that the pattern of facial heat distribution differs depends on the types of alopecia and gender. These differences may provide useful information for the diagnosis and clinical therapy for this population.

The purpose of this study was to help elementary teachers to design systems for small group study to improve the efficiency of both teaching and learning in science education. This was done by examining how teachers form and manage a small group study, and by observing students' perceptions regarding small group study. For this study, an in-depth interview was conducted with 8 elementary teachers and 8 sixth grade elementary students chosen according to their levels of class participation and scientific achievement. The results showed that although elementary teachers preferred a group of 4 students, 6 students were randomly picked to form a group due to the physical aspects of the educational environment in most of the cases examined. It was also found that when the small group was composed of students with different personalities rather than according to their level of achievement, this better encouraged research activities and fostered scientific attitudes as compared to educating solely for the transference of scientific knowledge. On the elementary students' part, a change of perception on their new role and skills of interaction was also required. Elementary students preferred to compose small groups so that they resembled a group of close friends, and from their perspective, small group study was useful, interesting, time efficient, and helpful to each other in studying science.