Earticle

Adlay, barley and rice bran were extracted using various concentrations of methanol(10% and 80%) and chloroform : methanol(2 : 1) to examine the biological activities of these raw grains. Extraction with 80% methanol resulted in high Vitamin C Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity(VCEAC), in the order of barley > rice bran > adlay, as determined by DPPH and ABTS assays. In addition, the extracts of adlay and rice bran showed high cellular antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells possibly due to the presence of polyphenol glycosides in these grains. We examined the expression of glucose/fatty acid metabolizing genes in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. Glut1 was downregulated after treatment with rice bran and no changes in the expression of Glut4 was observed. In contrast, genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, CD36 and aP2, were upregulated. Since these physiological changes were matched with peroxisome proliferator activating receptor $\gamma$(PPAR $\gamma$) agonism, we suggest that the extracts from adlay, barley and rice bran may play preventive roles against aging and diabetes via antioxidant activity and increased uptake of fatty acids by adipocytes.

Background : The safety of Korean herbal Medicine (KHM: prescribed herbal medicine by doctors of traditional Korean medicine) is an important issue in Korea. Although both fields. western medicine and traditional Korean medicine. have been studied on the safety of herbs and KHM, their results were not concordance with each other. Objectives : This study aims to review the influence of KHM on liver function in Korean literature systematically. Additionally, we tried to estimate the change of data of liver function test (LFT) and the incidence of liver injury (LI) after the use of KHM. Methods : Systematic literature searches were performed on 4 major databases of Korea from their inception to May 2008. Screening and selection of the studies and the extraction of data were performed independently by two authors. There were no restrictions on the types of publication including grey literatures. Results : Forty studies were included. Only sixteen studies were performed prospectively and fifteen studies collected data from outpatients. Only 8 studies reported the occurrence of LI after the use of KHM. Nineteen cases of LI showed no or mild symptoms and the elevation of LFT was not high. All of LI patients used conventional western drug and KHM concomitantly. and causality of LI was not assessed properly. The incidence of LI related to the use of KHM was estimated as 0.59%-0.76% from all data of these studies. The conflicting results were shown on the change of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TB) after the use of KHM. Conclusions : KHM might be a minor cause of LI in Korea. However the results are not strongly supported as enough to make the safety issue clear because of the limitations of original studies. More rigorous studies are required for answering the safety issue of KHM with the cooperative investigation of both fields of Korean traditional medicine and western medicine.

국립축산과학원에서 수집한 한우 관능 평가 데이터에 대해 사회 인구학적 요인과 한국 소비자들의 맛 평가에 대한 연관성을 연구하고자 한다. 소비자 거주지역, 연령, 성별, 직업, 월수입과 쇠고기 부위를 설명변수로 맛등급 평가를 반응변수로 이항 다중 로지스틱 모형과 다항 다중 로지스틱 모형을 적합하고 회귀계수별 유의성 검정과 적합도 검정을 실시하였다. 단계별 변수 선택으로 최종 모형을 선택하고 반응변수 범주에 대한 오즈비를 계산하여 관련성을 파악한다. 그 결과 거주 지역, 연령, 월수입과 쇠고기 부위 변수들이 선택되었다. 영남에서 맛을 비교적 높게 평가하는 경향이 있으며 수입이 많고 연령이 높을수록 맛을 까다롭게 평가하는 경향을 보인다. 쇠고기 부위별로는 우둔에 비해서 등심이 다른 부위들 중 맛에 대한 차이가 크다고 볼 수 있다.

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the sociodemographic factors and the Korean consumers palatability evaluation grades with Hanwoo sensory evaluation data. The dichotomy logistic regression model and the multinomial logistic regression model are fitted with the independent variables such as the consumer living location, age, gender, occupation, monthly income, and beef cut and the the palatability grade as the dependent variable. Stepwise variable selection procedure is incorporated to find the final model and odds ratios are calculated to find the associations between categories.

Objectives : To characterize the thermal properties of several Korean electric moxibustion apparatus and to suggest methods for improving their quality for related industry as well as the welfare of Korean. Methods : We reviewed previous literatures on traditional moxibustion to find necessary factors for electric moxibustion apparatus. We measured the thermal characteristics of electric moxibustion apparatus commercially available by using an automatic temperature acquisition system in a controlled environment. Uniformity and heat loss of the apparatus were also analysed. We followed the user's manuals of apparatus provided by manufacturers. Results : Temperature control of all apparatus could not be achieved by automatic manners. Most of them were dependent on user's discretion. Maximum temperatures obtained were barely in the therapeutic temperature of $40-45^{\circ}C$. Unnecessary heating of moxibustion parts was detected. Chemicals from moxa were not properly delivered to the human skin. Conclusions : Temperature control of all apparatus needs to be improved in terms of temperature setting, retention time and maximum temperature. Design should be altered to utilize pharmacological effects from moxa to obtain its maximum efficacy. User's manuals should be revised for its clarity.

한의학에서 맥진을 하는 위치인 좌, 우 요골동맥상의 촌(寸), 관(關), 척(尺) 위치는 손목에 있는 요골 경상돌기(styloid preocess) 부근의 볼록한 지점인 고골(高骨)을 기준으로 맥이 느껴지는 위치를 검지, 중지, 약지를 이용해 찾는다. 각각의 위치는 한의학적인 관점에서 각기 다른 장부의 기능과 연결되며 그 차이를 인지하여 맥을 진단하는데 그 결과에 따라 병증을 진단하는 요소로 활용되게 된다. 그러나 생리학적으로 좌, 우 요골동맥의 차이는 크지 않다고 알려져 있으며 차이에 대한 연구도 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 기존연구에서 밝혀진 좌, 우 요골동맥의 혈류속도의 차이를 근거로 한의사 맥진시 센서 역할을 하는 손가락에서 감지된 좌, 우 맥진위치의 차이가 실제 맥진기에서도 나타나는지를 측정을 통해 확인 해 보고자 한다. 건강한 20대 남자 135명을 대상으로 맥파를 측정하여 맥파 파라메터 중 차이를 보이는 파라메터를 통계분석하였다. 그 결과, 11개의 파라메터가 좌, 우 맥진위치에서 차이를 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 차이를 보이는 변수는 특정 변수로 한정되지 않고 맥압과 관련된 (h1~5) 변수와 피크가 나타나는 시간의 변수, 맥파 파형의 면적 등 다양한 변수에서 차이를 확인할 수 있었다.

최근 NAND 플래시메모리를 모바일시스템의 파일저장용 뿐 아니라 가상메모리의 스왑장치용으로 사용하려는 시도가 늘고 있다. 가상메모리의 페이지 참조는 시간지역성이 지배적이어서 LRU 및 이를 근사시킨 CLOCK 알고리즘이 널리 사용된다. 한편, NAND 플래시메모리는 읽기 연산에 비해 쓰기 연산의 비용이 높아 이를 고려한 페이지 교체 알고리즘이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 가살메모리의 읽기/쓰기 참조 패턴을 독립적으로 분석하여 시간지역성이 강한 읽기 참조와 달리 쓰기 참조의 경우 시간지역성의 순위 역전 현상이 발생함을 발견하였다. 이에 근거하여 본 논문은 쓰기의 재참조 성향 예측을 위해 시간지역성뿐 아니라 쓰기 연산의 빈도를 함께 고려하는 페이지 교체 알고리즘을 제안한다. 새로운 알고리즘은 연산별 I/O 비용을 고려해서 메모리 공간을 읽기 연산과 쓰기 연산에 독립적으로 할당하고 참조 패턴의 변화에 적응해 할당 공간을 동적으로 변화시킨다. 알고리즘의 시간 오버헤드가 매우 적어 가상메모리 시스템에서 사용될 최적의 조건을 갖추고 있으며 파라미터 설정이 필요 없음에도 CLOCK, CAR, CFLRU 알고리즘에 비해 20-66% 정도의 I/O 성능을 향상시킴을 보였다.

Recently, NAND flash memory is being used as the swap device of virtual memory as well as the file storage of mobile systems. Since temporal locality is dominant in page references of virtual memory, LRU and its approximated CLOCK algorithms are widely used. However, cost of a write operation in flash memory is much larger than that of a read operation, and thus a page replacement algorithm should consider this factor. This paper analyzes virtual memory read/write reference patterns individually, and observes the ranking inversion problem of temporal locality in write references which is not observed in read references. With this observation, we present a new page replacement algorithm considering write frequency as well as temporal locality in estimating write reference behaviors. This new algorithm dynamically allocates memory space to read/write operations based on their reference patterns and I/O costs. Though the algorithm has no external parameter to tune, it supports optimized implementations for virtual memory systems, and also performs 20-66% better than CLOCK, CAR, and CFLRU algorithms.

1. Objectives: The aim of this study was to survey the tendency of perspiration and health condition of Sasang Constitution and to analysis the relationship between health condition and perspiration. 2. Methods: We recruited 1565 subjects in multi-oriental hospitals and researched their perspiration and health condition. Subjects were diagnosed by the Sasang Constitutional specialists in oriental hospitals, and had remarkable improvement in their chief complains after Sasang Constitutional Medication. All subjects answered the questionnaire about the tendency of perspiration including the amount and region of sweating, and the health condition such as meal, appetite, tiredness, health degree, and warm-cold preference. Based on these clinical data, we analyzed the Sasang Constitutional deviation of health condition according to the tendency of perspiration. We found the differences of answering using Chi-square test between-group comparison. We analyzed using SPSS 14.0 for Korean. 3. Results: The amount of sweating was related with degree of health condition such as tiredness, health degree, meal, appetite, and warm-cold preference. However there was no significant differences between Sasang Constitutional groups. 4. Conclusions: According the region of sweating, there was some deviation of health conditions between Sasang Constitution. Especially sweating of head and neck meant good symptom for SE type but not for SY type. And the sweating on the chest and axilla meant bad symptoms for all Sasang Constitutional types.

아마이드계 섬유를 고농도로 염색할 때 피염물의 우수한 견뢰도를 얻기 위해 사용되는 금속착염(metal complex) 염료의 대부분은 Cr을 함유하고 있는 유독성 염료이어서, 잔욕에 남게 등의 환경적인 문제를 일으킬 뿐 아니라, $Cr^{6+}$를 함유할 경우 인체에도 심각한 질병을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 금속착염 염료를 대체하기 위해 중금속 함유량을 최소화한 반응성 염료를 양모와 나일론 염색에 응용하였다. 각 섬유에 대한 반응성 염료의 염색성을 파악하고, 실제 염색공장에서의 적용을 위해 색상 영역별 흡진률과 견뢰도 수준을 확인하였다. 또한 반응성 염료들에 대한 중금속 함량 및 유해아민분석을 통하여 그 유해성 경향을 수치적으로 검증하며, 기존 사용 염료와의 비교를 통해 미래 지향적인 청정염료로서의 가능성을 보고자 하였다.

The metal complex dyes that are mainly used for good color fastness in dyeing amide fibers with highly concentrated colors usually contain toxic chromium. The remaining dye in th dyebath containing $Cr^{6+}$ causes not only environmental problems but also serious damages to human health. In this study, we applied reactive dyestuff for dyeing wool and nylon in order to substitute heavy metal dyestuff. The dyeing properties of reactive dyestuff in fibers as well as their absorption rates and fastness according to color concentration were investigated. By analyzing the quantity of heavy metals and toxic amine of reactive dyestuff, we investigated their harmfulness trends quantitatively. By comparing the reactive dyes with traditional metal complex dyes, we tried to find out the possibility of the reactive dye being a clean dyes in the future.

Objectives : Medical qigong, originated from Mawangdui Daoyintu (馬王堆 導引圖), mainly consists of meditation, physical movements, and breathing exercises. It has been widely used to cure a variety of diseases as a regimen in Oriental medicine. This study was aimed to analyze the characteristics of medical qigong movements in the Mawangdui Daoyintu and to observe a link between each medical qigong movement and meridian system. Methods : We extracted fourteen medical qigong movements from forty-four figures in Mawangdui Daoyintu. We compared the 14 medical qigong movements of the Mawangdui Daoyintu with other types' movements of medical qigong methods. We also analyzed each movement of medical qigong in Mawangdui Daoyintu with a perspective of meridian system. Results : We found that there were common features between the medical qigong movements of the Mawangdui Daoyintu and other types' movements of medical qigong methods, including Yukjagyeol (六字訣), Paldangum (八段錦), Yukgengyeng (易筋經) and so on. From the comparison of each movement and meridian qi flow, we also found several movements related with Liver meridian and one movement related with several meridians. Conclusions : Our findings would be beneficial to understand the movements of medical qigong in the Mawangdui Daoyintu from the perspective of meridian system. This would be useful to develop a new medical qigong movements applying the meridian qi system for health and healing.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the anthocyanin contents of black soybean crude extracts derived using a countercurrent system and to compare the effects of stabilizers(${\beta}-cyclodextrin$, maltodextrin) and sugars(sucrose, maltose) on the color deterioration of the anthocyanin. When the extraction process was kept at 100$^{\circ}C$ for 120$\sim$180 min, only C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) was detected in the water extract. The C3G contents in the water extracts acquired at 8$^{\circ}C$, 60$^{\circ}C$, and 80$^{\circ}C$ were 2.38 ppm, 1.73 ppm, and 1.73 ppm, respectively. Sucrose and maltose retarded color deterioration of the crude pigment extract by the countercurrent method with methanol. Finally, the additions of maltodextrin or ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ did not retard thermal color deterioration of the black soybean crude pigment extract.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the result of one-way ANOVA with that of cross-correlation time series analysis in order to evaluate physiologic responses of premature infants to human voices. Methods: Four premature infants born prior to 32 weeks gestational age were included in the study. The Gould 4000TA Recording System recorded the preterm infant's heart and respiratory rate while they were listening to a pre-recorded voice recording. Each infant listened to both male and female voices (1 min each) at each testing session. Results: The results of both one-wayANOVA and cross-correlation time series analysis using heart and respiratory rate data were not consistent in some of premature infants. A cross-correlation time series analysis revealed that the responses of premature infant to vocal stimulation occurred at a varying number of seconds after the stimulus was presented and lasted for over 20-30 sec. Conclusion: The results indicate that a time series analysis can provide more detailed information on the rapidly changing physiologic status of premature infant to the auditory stimulus. In addition, the results provide an insight into an auditory responsitivity of premature infants to a naturally occurring sound, the human voice, in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, principally characterized by synovial inflammation of the joints. We previously reported the effect of acupuncture for RA, but the mechanism is still unclear. Various factors such as oxidative stress and angiogenesis were involved in the pathogenesis of RA, and recently, it has also been reported that cytokines also play a major role in RA. Thus, we investigated whether acupuncture could induce any changes in the levels of cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) as well as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) in the sera of RA patients. Methods: The forty three patients who met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for RA recruited. The acupuncture group (n=21) underwent 14 sessions of partially individualized acupuncture treatment for 6 weeks, and the control group had no treatment (n=13) over the same periods. We evaluated ESR, CRP and RF. In addition, to find out the mechanism of acupuncture, we assessed the changes of the cytokine activities using protein cytokine array in the sera of the patients. Results: Acupuncture significantly decreased the levels of ESR and CRP, but RF were not changed after 6-week acupuncture treatments. Moreover, acupuncture reduced the levels of VEGF, angiogenin and EGF in the sera of the patients. Interestingly, they were related with angiogenesis, which is an important process in the pathogenesis of RA. The levels of oncostatin, interleukin(IL)-$1{\alpha}$, IL-8, leptin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory proteins-1, platelet-derived growth factor BB and RANTES were not changed significantly. Conclusions: The effect of acupuncture for reliving RA symptoms can be partially explained by inhibition of angiogenesis factors in the sera of the RA patients.

This paper introduces an automatic voice classification system for the diagnosis of individual constitution based on Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) in Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM). For the developing of this algorithm, we used the voices of 473 speakers and extracted a total of 144 speech features from the speech data consisting of five sustained vowels and one sentence. The classification system, based on a rule-based algorithm that is derived from a non parametric statistical method, presents binary negative decisions. In conclusion, 55.7% of the speech data were diagnosed by this system, of which 72.8% were correct negative decisions.

Objectives : We developed and proposed a guideline for safety and performance assessment of electric cupping apparatus(Class 2 medical device). Methods : We drafted the guideline for safety and performance assessment of electric cupping apparatus by referring the existing standards and guideline, based on online questionnaire for Korean medical doctors and measurement data from commercially available products. Physical dimension of cups and inner vacuum pressure were acquired for the measurement in order to achieve the purposes. Results : This guideline only can be applied to electric cupping apparatus for enhancing blood circulation by employing negative pressure generated by electricity. Seven items of appearance and label, operation test of pump, variation test of input electricity, vacuum level test, vacuum sustain test, cup-size dependent test, noise level test are suggested for evaluation subjects and methods required for electric cupping devices. Requirements for the design and development of electric cupping devices are suggested: vacuum level indicator, vacuum generation rate, pressure control, valve detachment stability, cup comparability, safety measure, surge protection, user friendliness, instruction for use (IFU). Conclusions : We proposed a guideline for safety and performance assessment of electric cupping apparatus to improve the quality of relating products and aid the commercialization of them, by aiming higher industrial competitiveness of the medical device sectors in Korea. Discussion with related institutes such as industry, academy and government is further required. Public hearings also need to be held prior to the establishment of a final guideline and standard.

Objectives : Korean director Bong Joon-ho's movie 'Mother' is a story about a woman who struggles to save her son from an indictment of murder. This movie premiered at the 2009 Cannes film festival. The present study aimed to investigate the various roles of acupuncture in the plot from the perspective of movie professionals, including critics, writers and producers. Methods : We investigated the meaning of acupuncture as a subject matter in this movie. Participants who work in the film industry or are studying film were included. Survey questions were organized in a two part open-ended questionnaire and in multiple-choice form. The questionnaires were distributed via e-mail or the subjects were contacted directly. Results: In this movie, acupuncture serves at least three roles. The first role it serves is as a symbol of the mother role in her son's life and in her community. Acupuncture also works as a conduit for communication and a means of earning a living for the mother. She strives to clear her son's name by discovering the real murderer through performing acupuncture. Finally, the acupuncture box is crucial in the son's understanding of the mother's role in the crime. Seventy-nine percent of those surveyed responded that acupuncture was an important motif in this movie. Conclusions : These findings, in addition to those of previous studies, suggest that acupuncture can serve as a useful context for mass communication in media. The understanding of the meaning of acupuncture in the movie provides useful information on the perception of acupuncture modality today.

목적: 죽상경화반 유발 토끼 대동맥에서 자기공명영상을 이용하여 가돌리니움 조영제에 대한 경화반의 조영증강에 어떤 특징이 있는지 알아보고, 경화반 취약성의 대표적인 두 특징인 조직병리학적인 지질풍부 성분과 대식세포 풍부 성분과 비교하여 조영증강이 어떤 조직 소견에서 기인하는지 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 뉴질랜드 흰토끼 (4마리, 무게 3.0 $\sim$ 3.5 kg, 수컷)를 죽상경화반 모델로 사용하였다. 고콜레스테롤식이와 이중 풍선 손상을 이용하여 대동맥 죽상경화반을 유발하였다. 3-T 자기공명영상을 사용하여 가돌리니움 조영제를 투여하기 전과 후에 T1-강조영상을 얻었다. 자기공명영상과 상응하는 조직병리절편 (n=35)을 4개나 3개의 구역으로 나누었다 (n=130). 자기공명영상에서의 조영증강비 (ER, ER=SIpost/SIpre)를 각 구역마다 계산하여 조직병리의 지질풍부영역과 대식세포 풍부 영역과 비교하였다. 결과: 지질풍부 구역은 72개였고 섬유성구역은 58개였다. 대식세포풍부영역을 포함한 구역은 105개였고 포함하지 않은 구역은 25개였다. 조영증강비는 섬유성구역보다 지질풍부구역에서 높았다 (평균 조영증강비 2.25 $\pm$ 0.41 vs. 2.72 $\pm$ 0.65, p=0.013). 조영증강비는 지질성분을 제어했을 때 대식세포풍부영역과 잘 비례하지 않았다 (correlation coefficient -0.203, p=0.236). 결론: 표준 가돌리니움 기반의 세포외 조영제를 사용하였을 때 지질풍부 경화반은 섬유성 경화반보다 강한 조영증강을 보였다. 대식세포 침윤은 조영증강 정도와 비례하지 않았다. 초기부터 진행된 병기의 다양한 경화반 모델을 사용하고 조영증강과 관련된 모든 가능한 인자를 사용하여 조영제 투여 후 최적의 영상획득 시간을 결정하는 연구가 필요하다.

Purpose : We sought to evaluate enhancement of plaque with gadolinium-based contrast agent by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in comparison with histopathology, namely lipid-rich and macrophage-rich components that were two representative characteristics of plaque vulnerability using atherosclerotic rabbit aorta in order to determine which histopathologic component is relevant to the enhancement. Materials and Methods : New Zealand white rabbit (n=4, weight 3.0 to 3.5 kg, all male) was used for animal model of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic aortic lesions were induced by high-cholesterol diet and double balloon injury. T1-weight axial images were acquired before and after gadolinium-based contrast agent using a 3-T MRI. MR images and the matched histopathological sections (n=35) were divided into 4 quadrants or 3 (n=130). Enhancement ratio (ER, ER=SIpost/SIpre) on MRI was calculated for each quadrant and compared with histopathology in regard to lipid-rich and macrophage-rich areas. Results : Lipid-rich quadrants were 72 and fibrous quadrants were 58. The number of quadrants which had macrophage-rich areas was 105 and that of quadrants which did not have macrophage-rich areas was 25. ER was significantly higher in lipid-rich quadrants than in fibrous quadrants (mean ER 2.25c$\pm$0.41 vs. 2.72$\pm$0.65, p=0.013). ER poorly correlated with macrophage-rich areas when lipid-component was controlled (correlation coefficient -0.203, p=0.236). Conclusion : Lipid-rich plaques showed stronger enhancement than fibrous plaques using a standard gadolinium-based extracellular contrast agent. Macrophage infiltration did not correlate with degree of enhancement. Further study is warranted that account for optimal time of imaging after contrast injection using various plaque models from early to advanced stages and all possible parameters associated with contrast enhancement.

We intended to identify the health state of Oriental medical students and also to know how many things of health practice are in healthy group and non-healthy group classified by the THI average score, according to sasang constitution. We collected data with self-administered health questionnaires from 297 men and women, in 9 Korea oriental medical colleges. We diagnosed Sasang constitution using QSCC II and also estimated health degree using THI. Non-healthy group practiced much more health behaviors than healthy one, and there were significant difference in Taeeumin and Soeumin. Non-healthy group of Taeeumin, Soeumin and Soyangin all practiced much more constitutional health behaviors than healthy one, and Soeumin non-healthy and healthy one all practiced much less health behaviors than Taeeumin and Soyangin group. Non-healthy group practiced health behavior for health care and maintenance more than healthy-one, and health state was related with sasang constitution health care. Therefore, institutional and systematic environmental condition would be needed in practicing healthy behaviors for improving the quality of health, and especially developed health promotion programs according to Sasang constitution too.

전라남도 영암과 대구광역시, 대전광역시에 분포하고 있는 미기록 귀화식물 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam.을 발견, 보고하고자 한다. 본 종은 주로 개울이나 계곡 주변, 또는 밭 가장자리에 햇빛의 양이 충분하면서도 습한 모래가 섞인 땅에서 비교적 큰 군락을 이루고 자란다. 동일한 속 중 유사한 형태를 보이는 백운풀이나 긴두잎갈퀴에 비해 화경이 발달하고, 꽃의 수가 1-7개로 많이 달리는 특징이 있다. 국명은 종소명이 'corymbosa (산방화서의)'이므로 산방백운풀로 신칭하였다.

One new naturalized species was recorded from Jeollanam-do Yeongam-gun, Daegu, and Daejeon in Korea. Hedyotis corymbosa grows well where there is enough sunlight; in moist, sandy soil. Hedyotis corymbosa (Rubiaceae) can be distinguished from other species in the same genus by longer peduncles, and a lot of flowers. We gave it the Korean name 'San-bang-back-un-pul' based on the specific epithet 'corymbosa'.

본 연구에서는 기존의 특정 음성 변수에 대한 모수적 통계 접근 방법을 탈피하고 새로운 음성을 이용한 사상체질 분류 알고리즘을 개발하고자 먼저 5개의 모음과 2개의 문장으로 이루어진 총 120명의 여성 음성 데이터 수집하였다. 이후 다양한 음성 신호 분석 방법과 툴을 이용하여 총 134개의 음성 변수를 추출하였다. 각 변수에서는 체질별 최대값들의 최소값, 최소값들의 최대값을 이용해 4개의 조건 변수를 새로 생성하고 이를 관리하기 위한 메모리와 체질 점수 개념을 도입하여 비모수적인 통계 방법을 기반으로 한 분류 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 알고리즘 성능 테스트를 위해 10-fold cross 검정테스트를 실시하였으며 본 알고리즘은 최종적으로 이진 분류에서 진단률 41.5%와 정확률 79.5%를 가지는 것으로 확인되었다.