Earticle

본 연구는 가리왕산 산림유전자원보호구역의 관속식물상을 밝히고 주요 식물들의 분포를 조사하였다. 2011년 5월부터 동년 10월까지 3회 조사, 그리고 2012년 2회 추가 조사로 총 5차례에 걸쳐 조사한 결과 관속식물은 89과 272속 458종 3아종 62변종 6품종의 총 529분류군으로 조사되었다. 이 중 한국 특산식물은 총 22분류군이 확인되었으며, 산림청 지정 한국 희귀식물은 30분류군이 조사되었다. 환경부 지정 특정 식물은 V등급 7종류, IV등급 17종류, III등급 35종류, II등급 39종류, I등급에는 46종류 등 총 144종류가 분포하고 있었다. 귀화식물은 15분류군으로 확인되었으며, 귀화율은 2.83%로 나타났다. 가리왕산 산림유전자원보호구역 내 자생하는 529분류군의 식물에 대한 유용식물분류에 따르면, 식용 178분류군(33.6%), 약용 144분류군(27.2%), 목초용 163분류군(30.8%), 관상용 68분류군(12.8%), 목재용 20분류군(3.8%), 섬유용 8분류군(1.5%) 등으로 나타났다.

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants of the Mt. Gariwang (1,560.6 m) Protected Area for Forest Genetic Resource Conservation. The vascular plants collected 5 times (from May 2011 to October 2012) consisted of total 529 taxa; 89 families, 272 genera, 458 species, 3 subspecies, 62 varieties and 6 forms respectively. Among them, 22 taxa of Korean endemic plants and 30 taxa of Korean rare plants were investigated in addition to 144 taxa of specially designated plants announced by the Ministry of Environment of Korea. Naturalized plants were 15 taxa, therefore naturalized ratio was 2.83%. 529 taxa listed consists of 178 taxa (33.6%) of edible plants, 144 taxa (27.2%) of medicinal plants, 163 taxa (30.8%)of pasture plants, 68 taxa (12.8%) of ornamental plants, 20 taxa (3.8%) of timber plants, 8 taxa (1.5%) of fiber plants, respectively.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture treatment on the inflammatory lesions and body image disturbances in patients with vulgaris acnes. Methods : Fifteen inflammatory acne patients were enrolled and treated with facial acupuncture during 4 treatment sessions. We evaluated the number of papules and nodules using the Korean Acne Grading System (KAGS). We also evaluated patients' general subjective satisfaction and objective changes of inflammatory acnes symptoms using DermaVision-pro. Moreover, we observed the skin quality-of-life scale with skindex-29 and body image disturbance questionnaire (BIDQ) as secondary outcome. Adverse events were recorded as well at every visit. Results : After 4 treatment sessions, there were significant reductions in the number of papules and nodules of the patients. We found that subjective satisfactions of patients were enhanced as well as the objective inflammatory symptoms. We also found significant improvements in the quality of life and BIDQ. No serious treatment-related adverse events were reported. Conclusions : This study demonstrated that standardized facial acupuncture were effective and safe in the treatment of facial inflammatory acnes.

목적 본 연구의 목적은 소아암 치료 종료 아동의 사회적응 정도를 알아보고 사회적응 관련 요인들의 상관관계를 비교한 후 아동의 사회적응에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위함이다. 방법 서울시내 S대학병원에서 10-19세의 소아암 치료 종료 아동 79명과 그의 부모 79명을 대상으로 자료수집을 시행하였다. 아동의 사회적응은 Koo와 Choi (1998)의 사회적 역량 척도를 이용하여 측정하였고, 사회적응 관련 요인은 신체기능, 우울, 자아존중감, 대처전략으로 하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 18 program을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, Regression으로 분석하였다. 결과 소아암 치료 종료 아동의 사회적응은 평균 83.5점으로 중간 이상의 수준을 나타내었으며 가족과의 대화시간, 학교생활의 즐거움, 친구관계 만족도에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 신체기능, 적극적 대처전략, 자아존중감과 유의한 정적 상관을 보이고 우울, 공격적 대처전략과는 유의한 부적 상관을 보였다. 사회적응에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 회귀분석한 결과 아동의 신체기능이 사회적응에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 가족과 친구를 포함한 소아암 치료 종료 아동의 사회적응 증진 프로그램이 필요하며, 이러한 프로그램은 아동의 신체 정서적 측면이 모두 고려되어야 하고 효과적인 대처전략의 사용과 자아존중감을 증진시킬 수 있도록 구성되어야 할 것이다.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to assess social adjustment of childhood cancer survivors and to identify factors affecting social adjustment. Methods: Data were collected from 79 childhood cancer survivors and his/her parents. The survey consisted of questions related to characteristics, physical functioning, depression, self-esteem and coping strategies. The Social Competence Inventory was used to measure social adjustment in the children. Results: The level of social adjustment of childhood cancer survivors was 83.5 out of a possible 155. Physical functioning, depression, self-esteem, and aggressive or proactive coping strategies were associated with social adjustment. Only physical functioning independently affected social adjustment. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there are several factors influencing social adjustment of childhood cancer survivors, and therefore there is a need for programs that deal with all aspects of children's physical as well as emotional health in order to enhance their social adjustment.

국내 미기록 식물인 큰해오라비난초[Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr.]를 경상남도 합천군 쌍책면과 가회면에서 확인하였다. 큰해오라비난초는 해오라비난초와 형태적으로 가장 유사한 종으로, 꽃받침이 꽃잎보다 크고 흰색이며, 입술꽃잎 곁갈래 가장자리에 얕게 갈라진 톱니가 있는 특징으로 구분된다. 새로운 국명은 해오라비난초에 비해 개체가 크며, 많은 꽃이 달리는 특징에 따라 '큰해오라비난초'로 하였고, 이에 대한 기재, 도해, 사진 및 유사분류군과의 검색표를 제시하였다.

An unrecorded Orchid species, Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae), was recognized in Gahoe-myeon and Ssangchaek-myeon, Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. H. dentata is closely related to H. radiata (Thunb.) Spreng., it can distinguished by sepal white and larger than petals, and serrated margins of the labellum. A new Korean name, 'Keun-hae-o-ra-bi-nan-cho', was given based on its taller stem and more flowers (at least with three) in comparison to H. radiata (Thunb.) Spreng. We provide here its redescription, illustrations, photographs, and a key to its closely related taxa.

국내 미기록 식물인 긴화살사초(Carex benkei T. Shimizu)를 전라남도 신안군 임자면 재원리 재원도와 제주도 제주시 조천읍 선흘리 동백동산에서 확인하였다. 긴화살사초는 화살사초(Carex transversa Boott)와 흰꼬리사초(Carex brownii Tuck.)의 근연종으로, 까락을 제외한 자인편의 길이가 과낭의 길이와 거의 유사하며, 수과에 연결된 부리에 고리모양의 부속체가 있는 특징으로 구분된다. 새로운 국명은 화살사초에 비해 까락을 제외한 자인편의 길이가 긴 특징에 따라 '긴화살사초'로 하였고, 이에 대한 기재, 도해, 사진 및 흰꼬리사초절 분류군과의 검색표를 제시하였다.

An unrecorded species, Carex benkei T. Shimizu, was found in Is. Jaewondo, Jaewon-ri, Imja-myeon, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do and Dongbaik-dongsan, Seonheul-ri, Jocheon-eup, Jeju-si, Is. Jeju-do, South Korea. C. benkei is closely related to C. transversa Boott and C. brownii Tuck., and C. benkei is distingushied from the pistillate scales length, excluding the awn, similar to the achene and the beak of the achene with an annular appendage. A new Korean name, 'Gin-Hwa-Sal-Sa-Cho', was given based on its long pistillate scales excluding the awn compared with Carex transversa Boott. We provide here its redescription, illustrations, photographs, and a key to species of the sect. Confertiflorae Franch. ex Ohwi.

Objectives : The aim of this study was to understand the meaning of meridian in "Woegwasimbeopyogyeol (WGS)" of "The Golden Mirror of Medicine (GMM)". Methods : We compared the meaning of meridian in WGS with in Jagusimbeopyogyeol (JGS) of GMM. Results : Objectivity and clearness is obtained by inserting the meridian and collateral diagram and the partially expanded diagram in WGS and JGS. The meridian song (a quatrain with seven) in WGS is placed at the beginning of the chapter, indicating its importance. Kihyeoldaso of 12 meridians is detailed in WGS, so as to reduce the harmful effect when doctors diagnose, treat and prognose. It is important to understand the meaning of meridian When doctors treat carbunculosis. The symptoms of a disease is classified by parts and shown in diagram, which can play an important role in diagnosis. Conclusions : The WGS follows the meanings of meridian and the complementary structure in JGS.

2009년 5월부터 동년 10월까지의 5회 조사, 그리고 2011년 7월 1회의 추가조사로 총 6회에 걸쳐 인천광역시 중구 영종도와 용유도에 자생하는 관속식물의 현지조사를 실시하였다. 조사된 소산식물은 98과 352속 556종 4아종 73변종 11품종으로 총 644분류군이다. 이들 중 모래지치, 갯사상자, 큰조뱅이, 참지네고사리, 홍지네고사리를 포함한 250 분류군의 분포가 새롭게 확인되었다. 관속식물의 생활형 중 휴면형은 반지중식물이 37.1%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 한국 특산식물은 총 4분류군, 한국 희귀식물은 6분류군, 식물구계학적 특정식물종은 총 39분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 95분류군이 조사 되었으며, 도시화지수는 29.6%로 매우 높게 나타났다.

Vascular plant surveys in Iss. Youngjongdo and Yongyudo, Incheon were conducted 6 times from May to October 2009 and July 2011. The vascular plants inventoried during the surveys were 644 taxa in total; 11 formas, 73 varieties, 4 subspecies, 556 species, 352 genera and 98 families. Among them, 250 taxa were newly found from the survey areas, including Cnidium japonicum Miq., Argusia sibirica (L.) Dandy, Breea setosa (Willd.) Kitam., Dryopteris erythrosora (D. C. Eaton) Kuntze and Dryopteris nipponensis Koidzumi. In the case of dormancy form, hemicryptophytes were most abundant by 37.1%. Six taxa of Korean endemic plants and nine Korean rare plants were also newly recognized along with 45 taxa of notable plants of regional flora announced by the Ministry of Environment. The naturalized plants were 95 taxa, and the Urbanization Index of the survey areas was 29.6%.

Objectives : From mechanism studies using animal models to high-level evidence based research such as randomized controlled trials or systematic reviews, various acupuncture studies have been performed. Nevertheless, the current research appears insufficient to satisfy clinicians' needs. We aimed at investigating clinicians' perception on the translational research and suggesting ways of symbiosis between basic research and clinical practice. Methods : Data were collected using a web-based questionnaire made available to Korean medicine doctors who were informed through social networking service or e-mail. The survey participants indicated their awareness of acupuncture research and their thoughts on the applicability of research in practice. Results : Forty-seven clinicians completed the survey. While most respondents agreed that acupuncture research is very important, only 40% of them answered that the results of acupuncture research are useful to their own practice. In more than half of those who responded to the survey, the current acupuncture research is not viewed as reflecting clinical practice very much. Respondents agreed that acupuncture research should be based on clinical practice, and they recognized the need to collect valid clinical data from real-world practice. Also, as many as 77% of clinicians had no scruple to participate in research programs. Conclusions : There is no doubt among practitioners that acupuncture research is necessary. More importantly, practice-based research remains essential in order to feed-back research outcomes to clinical practice. Communications and academic exchanges between clinicians and researchers can mutually benefit research and practice with better information, resulting in symbiosis.

Objectives : To confirm whether acupuncture can suppress the degree of seizure and the activation of astrocytes in hippocampi using kainic acid(KA)-induced epilepsy mouse model. Methods : 8 weeks C57BL/6 mice(20~25 g) were given acupuncture once a day at acupoint HT8(Shaofu) bilaterally during 2 days before KA injection. After an intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg KA, acupuncture treatment was subsequently administered once more(total 3 times), and the degree of seizure was observed for 120 min. The neuronal cell death, pERK expression, and astrocyte activation confirmed 1 hour and 24 hours after KA injection. Results : Acupuncture treatment at HT8 suppressed KA-induced epileptic seizure. One hour after KA injection, the pERK expression was increased, which was reduced by the acupuncture treatment. Twenty four hours after injection, the treatment decreased the KA-induced neuronal cell death, the interleukin-$1{\beta}$ expression and the astrocyte activation in the CA3 region of the mouse hippocampus. Conclusions : Acupuncture treatment at HT8 decreases the KA-induced epileptic seizure, the neural cell inflammation and death.

이 연구의 목적은 단위학교 자율역량에 대한 개념을 정의하고 이에 관한 교원들의 인식 분석을 통해 단위학교 자율역량을 향상하기 위한 시사점을 도출하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 초 중등학교 교원 260명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문 결과, 단위학교 자율역량에 관한 교원들의 인식은 직급별, 경력별에 따른 유의미한 차이가 큰 것으로 나타난 반면, 학교특성별에 따른 유의미한 차이는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구 결과를 통해서 도출된 단위학교 자율역량 향상 방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 단위학교 자율역량 중 전략적 역량을 신장하기 위해서는 단위학교 차원으로 학교자율화를 위한 권한을 보다 확대하고 이양할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 단위학교 자율역량 중 인적자본 역량을 신장하기 위해서는 학교구성원들의 전문적 능력을 최대한 발휘할 수 있는 여건을 조성해야 한다. 셋째, 단위학교 자율역량 중 조직운영 역량을 신장하기 위해서는 단위학교 조직문화에 대한 변혁적이고 창조적인 재구조화가 요구된다.

The purpose of this study was to suggest implications by defining the concepts of school-level autonomy capacity (SAC) and by analyzing the teacher's perception on it. For the study, a survey was employed. The data generating sample consisted of 260 elementary and secondary school teachers, and the data was analyzed in the categories such as schools' level and characteristics as well as teachers' status and experience. As a result, the study indicated that there were highly statistical significances in the categories of teachers' status and experience, while there were no statistical significances in the category of schools' characteristics. The conclusions drawn from the study were as follows: First, the more educational authorities for school autonomy should be expanded and transferred to the schools in order to enhance the strategic capacity of SAC. Second, in order to enhance the human resource capacity of SAC, the educational environment encouraging teachers' professional development should be stabilized. Third, the school organizational culture should be reorganized transformatively and creatively in order to enhance the organizational management capacity of SAC.

Objectives : To explore the experiences of patients with chronic low back pain(CLBP) in a randomized controlled trial(RCT) of acupuncture. Methods : Five qualitative focus group interviews were conducted at three Korean Medicine Hospitals. Two to 4 participants from the same group(real or sham acupuncture) in the RCT of acupuncture for CLBP discussed their experiences and perceptions of the clinical trial and the acupuncture treatment. Transcribed data were read independently by researchers and analyzed to categorize information and identify themes. Results : A total of 14 participants were included. Most of them discovered positive aspects of being a study subject and a patient. They recognized the differences between experimental and real-world clinical settings such as formal procedures of treatment, and different acupuncture device. Participants also expressed the weaker sensation of acupuncture compared to the previous experience. Especially, they were well aware of the 'subjects' role themselves, thus they observed their changes of symptom closely. As subjects were generally satisfied with their treatment and they had a good feeling to acupuncture after the trial, they expressed their willingness to participate in the future clinical trial of acupuncture. Conclusions : Our finding suggests that the Korean patients' experience of participating in an RCT was generally positive. Their tendency to perform the 'subject' role might affect the trial's process or overall results.

ICT의 발달과 더불어 근로의 본질이 지식근로로 바뀌어 가고 있고, 따라서 시간과 장소에 구속되지 않고 좀더 자유롭게 ICT를 활용하여 업무를 수행하는 스마트워크가 확산되고 있다. 미래형 근로의 형태를 수용하고자 하는 스마트워크는 근무패러다임의 변화라서 정책적으로도 많은 변화가 요구되고 있다. 이러한 정책들의 근간 자료이자 현황과 변화의 추세를 파악하여야 하는데 이를 위해서는 스마트워크의 추진 정도, 또는 수준을 지속적으로 측정하는 지표 시스템이 필요하다. 이러한 측정 지표의 개발을 위해서는 복합적인 개념인 스마트워크를 좀더 정교하게 정의하고 이와 관련된 지표들을 총괄하는 프레임워크 도출이 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 국내외에서 시행되고 있는 스마트워크 관련 조사들의 내용들과, 선행 학술 연구문헌들을 취합 분석하여 스마트워크의 개념을 정의하고 스마트워크의 수준을 측정하기 위한 기본 프레임워크를 제시하고 있다.

A study was undertaken to examine the effect of the addition of coriander leaves(Coriandrum satovim L.) and brocolli stem powder addition on the quality attributes of pound cakes. Coriander leaves & brocolli stem powder was added to the batter, at a ratio of 10, 12.5 and 15%, respectively. The antioxidant activity was estimated by a DPPH free radical scavening activity, the total phenolic compounds content and flavonoid content in coriander leaves & brocolli stem powder and pounds cakes. Antioxidative activity had correlated highly with the total flavonoids contents of coriander leaves & brocolli stem powder of pound cakes, respectively(r=0.9096). The quality characteristics of coriander leaves & brocolli stem powder pound cakes were estimated in terms of the specific load volume, hardness, hunter value of crumb and crust, and the sensory quality of the cakes. The specific volume decreased significantly, with increasingly substituted level of coriander leaves & brocolli stem powder(p<0.01). The lightness was significantly decreased with increases in the coriander leaves & brocolli stem powder of pound cake crust and crumb(p<0.01). The hardness, chewiness and gumminess tended to reduce, and the cohesiveness decrease in both of powder. The consumer acceptability score for 10% coriander leaves & brocolli stem powder of pound cakes ranked significantly(p<0.01) higher than those of the other groups in taste, flavor and color. These results showed that coriander leaves & brocolli stem powder are good ingredients to increase the consumer acceptability and the health.

본 논문에서는 온실의 상황을 실시간으로 체크하여 온실의 환경을 최적의 상태로 유지하도록 하고, 또한 사용자가 원하는 환경에 대하여 필요한 장비를 수동모드로 변환하여 일시적으로 작동시킬 수 있도록 온실 자동화 시스템을 구현하였다. 온실에서 수집된 환경 데이터는 모니터링 컴퓨터로 전송되는 것은 물론, 웹을 통하여 즉시적인 제어가 가능하도록 웹 기반 시스템이 지원된다. 사용자는 웹 기반 시스템을 이용하여 온실의 상황을 실시간으로 확인이 가능하며, 온실 환경에 대한 조건을 정하여 자동화 기능을 유지할 수 있다.

In this paper, we have implemented Green House automation system. The system should be kept in optimal condition in real-time by checking the greenhouse environmental conditions in the greenhouse. In addition, it can be converted to temporarily the necessary equipment by converting to manual mode in the environment you want. Environmental data collected from the greenhouse is sent to your computer monitor, as well as it support the web-based system to enable immediate control through the web. Users can view the situation of the greenhouse in real time by using a web-based system and maintain automation features by deciding specified conditions for a greenhouse environment.

본 연구의 목적은 중학교 과학 영재 프로그램에 참여하는 학생들의 설명하는 글쓰기에 나타난 특성을 분석하는 것이다. 중학교 과학 영재들의 세포에 대한 설명을 분석한 결과, 내용적 측면에서 다수의 학생들이 동물 세포와 식물 세포의 공통적인 특징과 구별되는 특징을 설명하고 있었다. 그러나, 일부 과학 영재 학생은 동물 세포와 식물 세포 중 한 가지 세포의 특성만을 설명하거나, 세포막과 세포벽의 기능을 같게 보거나, 세포는 우리 몸을 이루고 있는 가장 작은 단위라는 등 세포에 대한 오개념을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 구조적 측면에서는 대부분의 과학 영재 학생들이 설명문의 체재를 명확히 알지 못한 채 설명하는 글쓰기를 완성하였다. 마지막으로 표현 방법을 분석한 결과, 50% 이상의 학생들이 분류, 비교, 대조, 예시 등의 다양한 방법을 이용하여 설명하는 글쓰기를 작성한 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 모든 영재 학생들이 그림을 이용한 설명 방법을 사용하였는데, 기존의 연구 결과에서 나타나지 않은 독창적인 것임을 알 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 과학 영재 학생들의 지식 평가 도구로 설명하는 글쓰기가 활용될 수 있다는 가능성을 제안할 뿐만 아니라, 설명하는 글쓰기를 지도할 때 활용할 수 있는 글쓰기 요소에 대한 교육적 시사점을 제공한다.

The purpose of this study was to analyse characteristics of explanatory writing of scientifically gifted students who participated in gifted educational programs. Considering aspect of content of their explanations about cell, many of them explained the common characteristics of animal and plant cells, but a few of them did cellular characteristics of one kind of animal and plant. Some gifted students regarded cell membrane function as that of cell wall, and had a misconception that the cell was the smallest unit to consist human body. In terms of the structure of explanation, most of them didn't know the structural characteristics of explanatory writing. Finally, more than 50% of them had written using various ways to explain cell such as classifying, comparing, contrasting and exemplifying. Especially, all biologically gifted students had creatively explained drawing a picture. It was findings that the explanatory writing could be used as the instrument to evaluate knowledges of gifted students and suggested the elements of writing to teach scientific explanatory writing.

Objectives : This research was projected to verify the validities of needling or moxibustion- acupoints in Illustrated Manual for the Practice of Acupuncture and Moxibustion with the Help of a Bronze Figure bearing Acupuncture Points (IMPAM) and The Classic of Supplementing Life with Acupuncture and moxibustion(CSLAM) Methods; We investigated acupoints which have prohibitions, notices or adverse events when performing needling or moxibustion in IMPAM and CSLAM, then verified it in various literatures and today's medical knowledge. Results; In IMPAM, 2 acupoints were prohibited both needling and moxibustion, 22 acupoints were prohibited from needling and 29 were prohibited from moxibustion. In CSLAM, 3 acupoints were prohibited from both needling and moxibustion, 24 acupoints were prohibited from needling and 31 were prohibited from moxibustion. Most of the prohibition, the notices and adverse events of the acupoints written in IMPAM and CSLAM had medical or philological bases, and the number of them increased compared to that in A-B Classic of Acupunture and Moxibustion(ABCAM). Conslusion : The prohibotions, the notices and the adverse events when performing acupunture or moxibustion in IMPAM and CSLAM reflected the medical experience and knowledge of the time. And the knowledge was increased compared to that in ABCAM.

본 연구는 비타민 나무(Hippophae rhamnoides L.) 열매 추출물의 약리 활성 효과인 항산화 활성과 미백 효과의 유효성을 알아보기 위해 DPPH 소거능, tyrosinase 활성 억제 효과 및 세포 내 멜라닌 생합성 억제 효과를 연구하였다. 비타민 나무 열매 추출물의 DPPH 소거능은 비교군인 ascorbic acid와 유사하게 높은 항산화 효과를 보여주었다. 또한 tyrosinase 활성 억제 효과는 $100{\mu}g/mL$와 $500{\mu}g/mL$에서 52.1%와 73.4%로 나타나 비타민 나무 열매 추출물의 미백 작용에 있어 tyrosinase 활성 억제와 항산화 작용이 관련이 있다고 사료된다. 세포 내 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과를 측정한 결과는 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과가 시료농도 5, 10, 50, $500{\mu}g/mL$에서 48, 43, 47, 56%를 나타내 미백 효과가 우수한 arbutin보다 효과가 높게 나타났다. 활성산소를 제거하는 것이 멜라닌 색소 형성 억제에 효과적이라는 연구 보고(Miyazawa & Tamura 2007)에 근거하여 볼 때 본 실험 결과에서 항산화 효과가 우수한 ascorbic acid과 유사한 항산화 효과를 나타내었는데 이는 피부 내 활성산소를 제거하여 멜라닌 색소 형성 억제 작용에 의한 미백 효과를 추측할 수 있었다. 그리고 tyrosinase 억제 효과의 실험 결과 역시 멜라닌 색소 형성을 억제시키고 여러 단계의 기작으로 인하여 미백 작용을 나타내는데 중요한 역할을 하게 될 것이라는 결론을 얻었다. 이상의 결과에서 비타민, 미네랄, 아미노산 성분이 풍부한 비타민 나무 열매 추출물은 미백 효과와 항산화 효과에 의한 멜라닌 색소 형성 억제 작용이 우수한 기능성 천연 원료로써 미백 화장품으로 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant activities and the melanin inhibitory effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L. fruit extracts. Two in vitro methods were used; the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method to determine antioxidant activity and measurements of the inhibitory effects of tyrosinase activity to determine melanogenesis in B16/F10 melanoma cells. The radical scavenging activity of the extract was 56.0% at $700{\mu}g/mL$, similar to ascorbic acid (56.9%), in the DPPH assay. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the extract was 52.1% and 73.4% at 100 and $500{\mu}g/mL$, which is also similar to ascorbic acid. In B16/F10 mouse melanoma cells, the extract inhibited melanin synthesis by 56% at $500{\mu}g/mL$, a more prominent inhibition of melanin synthesis compared to extracts from arbutin. These results suggest that extracts from H. rhamnoides L. have antioxidant activity and skin-whitening effects; allowing their application in cosmetics as a natural product.

Objectives : The meridian system is a systematic complex of empirical knowledge, which functions as a basis of acupuncture treatment. In this article, we reviewed the visualization methods of meridian and acupuncture points through the investigation of the characteristics of Diagram of Meridians, Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, Bronze Statues and Diagram of Bronze Statue. Methods : We investigated the characteristics of Diagram of Meridians, Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, and Bronze Statues. We reviewed the visualization methods of meridian and acupuncture points in those classical Diagrams and analyzed their relationships among them. Results : In order to explain the meridian and acupuncture points easily, ancient people usually used drawings which are named Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, by their own characteristics. Owing to their limitations of drawings on the 2 dimensional plane, Chinese people designed the Bronze Statue for Acu-moxibustion and its first invention was invented in Tiansheng age of Song dynasty. For several decades and centuries, these models and drawings were inherited, also reflecting variations of meridian system. As the Bronze Statue has a deficiency in the educational use because of its limitations of mass production, Diagram of Bronze Statue drawn on the 2 dimensional plane was invented. At the beginning of Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, Diagram of Bronze Statue and Bronze Statue, their own characteristics were significantly differed with other diagrams and statues. We found that both diagrams and statues were gradually combined with description of the relationship between internal organs and the skeletal structure and the meridian system. Conclusions : Our findings suggest that Diagram of Meridians, Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, and Bronze Statues are the basic form of data visualization, one of the infographics. We suggest that ancient Chinese people intend to explain the empirical knowledge using the ancient infographics of meridian system, but have limitations on reflecting theorical or abstractional meaning.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to figure out which acupoints are selected to treat low back pain and attempt to analyze the effectiveness of those acupoints in current clinical trials. Methods : We searched the three electronic databases(PUBMED, RISS, KISS) and manually checked related Korean journals and reference lists up to April 2012. We included randomized controlled trials, clinical controlled trials, and case reports/series using needle type acupuncture( manual acupuncture, electronic acupuncture) to treat low back pain in English and Korean. We investigated the frequency of selected acupoints, change of visual analogue scale of low back pain and statistical significance in each study among trials. Results : We included 37 articles(Domestic 17, International 20) 53 studies(Domestic 28, International 25) in this study. The most frequently adopted acupoints were BL23, BL24, BL25, GB30, BL26, BL60, BL32, BL40, KI3, GV3, ST36 in domestic studies and BL23, BL25, BL40, BL60, GB30, GB34, BL32, BL26 in international studies. There were differential effectiveness of acupoints between domestic and the international studies using statistical significance of visual analog scale for low back pain. Conclusions : These results suggest that both proximal and distal acupoints based on meridian theory were used in clinical trials to treat low back pain. It would be helpful to provide clinical guideline, evaluate the results of clinical trials appropriately, and reveal the effectiveness of acupoints.