Earticle

시험인증은 고차 생산자 서비스(APS)로서 세계화, 탈세계화 시대 모두에서 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 APS 연구 방법론을 활용하여 국내 7대 시험인증 기관의 입지 및 네트워크 위계를 분석하였다. 첫째, 다른 APS처럼 시험인증 기관은 수도권에 본원이 집적하고 있고, 분원을 통한 공간적 확산이 전개 중이다. 둘째, 다른 APS와 달리 광역시 등 대도시 순으로 분산하지 않는다. 제조업체 입지 패턴, 지역전략산업 특수성 등 지역 경제 지리 특성과 더욱 연관성이 깊다. 청주는 시험인증의 최고 중심부 도시이고, 원주, 화순, 음성 등 중소 도시가 일부 광역시보다 위계가 높다. 셋째, 공간적 확산에도 종사자는 수도권에 몰려 있다. 넷째, 수도권과 충북(청)권 사이에 시험인증 기관 네트워크에 의한 도시-지역이 형성되어 있다.

In this study, the location and network hierarchy of the seven major test and certification institutions in Korea were analyzed. First, like other APS, the test and certification institutions are concentrated in the metropolitan area, and the spatial spread of the branch is developing. Second, unlike other APS, branches do not accumulate in large cities. It is deeply related to regional economic geography characteristics such as proximity to manufacturers and specificity of regional strategic industries. Third, despite the spatial spread, workers are concentrated in the metropolitan area. Fourth, urban-regions are mainly formed between the metropolitan area of test certification and the Chungbuk(Cheong) area.

This study assessed the feasibility of iron oxide nanoparticles impregnated with biochar (INPBC), derived from woody biomass, as a stabilizing agent for the stabilization of farmland soil in the vicinity of an abandoned mine through pot experiments with 28 days of lettuce growth. The lettuce grown in the INPBC amended soils increased by more than 100% and the concentrations of inorganic elements (Cu, Ni, Zn) decreased by more than 40%. As, Cd and Pb were not transferred properly from the soils to the lettuce biomass. The bioavailability of arsenic and heavy metals in the INPBC amended soils were decreased by 26%~50%. It seems that the major mechanisms of stabilization were arsenic adsorption on iron oxides, heavy metal precipitation by soil pH increasing and heavy metal adsorption on organic matter. These results revealed that the lower bioavailability of the inorganic pollutants in the soils stabilized using INPBC induced lower transfer to the lettuce. Thus, INPBC could be used as an amendment material for the stabilization of farmland soils contaminated by arsenic and heavy metals. However, a pre-review of the chemical properties of the amended soil must be performed prior to applying INPBC in farmland soil because the concentration of the nutrients in the soil such as available phosphates and exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K) could be decreased due to adsorption on the surface of the iron oxides and organic matter.

School closures in rural areas is especially relevant because low fertility rate and population aging are common not only in rural but also in urban areas. This paper examined a variety of users' perceptions on welfare facilities using closed rural schools. For this study, the descriptive survey research design was conducted at the EZER located in Kyungsnangbuk-do. The sample size of 200 was selected through convenience sampling and data collection was completed by a self-completion written questionnaires. Main findings are as follows: 1) the level of users' relative satisfaction with welfare facilities using closed rural schools was generally positive, main factor associated with relative satisfaction was facilities and surrounding environment at closed rural schools, 2) socioeconomic usefulness of closed rural schools was also was generally positive, main factors for revitalization were adequate facilities and places, accessible and convenient places, 3) future necessity and willingness for welfare facilities using closed rural schools were overwhelmingly positive, children or youth were revealed as a priority service target. Finally, theses analyses show that a high proportion in the rural welfare sector, especially seemed to have a positive impact on bridging negative gabs between urban and rural in the socioeconomic development and social welfare.

본 연구에서는 유통 패류 104건을 대상으로 중금속(납, 카드뮴, 수은) 및 패류독소(설사성 패류독소, 기억상실성 패류독소) 실태조사를 하였다. 중금속 분석 결과, 납의 검출범위는 0.0177-0.5709 mg/kg, 카드뮴의 검출범위는 0.0226-1.4602 mg/kg, 수은의 검출범위는 0.0015-0.0327 mg/kg이었으며, 모두 국내 기준 이하로 안전한 수준이었다. 설사성 패류독소 모니터링을 위해 okadaic acid와 dinophysistoxin-1을 분석하였고, 그 결과 104건 모두 불검출이었다. 기억상실성 패류독소인 domoic acid를 분석한 결과, domoic acid가 검출된 것은 5건으로 4.8%의 검출률을 보였다. 기억상실성 패류독소가 검출된 시기는 각각 1월 1건, 2월 1건, 5월 1건, 9월 2건이 검출되어 패류독소에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 또 패류 내 중금속은 기준 규격 이내로 안전한 수준이라 하더라도 중금속 오염에 대한 지속적인 안전관리가 필요하고, 향후 수산물 중금속에 대한 안전관리 강화를 위한 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다.

In this study, heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and mercury) and shellfish poisoning toxins (diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins) were investigated in a total of 104 shellfishes. According to the analysis of heavy metals, lead (Pb) was detected in the range of 0.0177-0.5709 mg/kg, cadmium (Cd) was detected in the range of 0.0226-1.4602 mg/kg, and mercury (Hg) was detected in the range of 0.0015-0.0327 mg/kg. Levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg were acceptable by Korean standards. Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) were investigated for monitoring of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and OA and DTX-1 were not detected. As a result of monitoring of amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins, domoic acid was detected in 5 of 104 samples and detection ratio was 4.8%. The detection period was found as follows; 1 case in January, 1 case in February, 1 case in May, 2 cases in September. These showed that continuous monitoring for the management of shellfish poisoning toxins and heavy metals is required. In addition, this study can be used as reference data to strengthen managing heavy metals in fishery products.

Optical character recognition is a primary technology required in different fields, including digitizing archival documents, industrial automation, automatic driving, video analytics, medicine, and financial institution, among others. It was created in 1928 using pattern matching, but with the advent of artificial intelligence, it has since evolved into a high-performance character recognition technology. Recently, methods for detecting curved text and characters existing in a complicated background are being studied. Additionally, deep learning models are being developed in a way to recognize texts in various orientations and resolutions, perspective distortion, illumination reflection and partially occluded text, complex font characters, and special characters and artistic text among others. This report reviews the recent deep learning-based text detection and recognition methods and their various applications.

Sign language has completely different meaning depending on the direction of the hand or the change of facial expression even with the same gesture. In this respect, it is crucial to capture the spatial-temporal structure information of each movement. However, sign language translation studies based on Sign2Gloss2Text only convey comprehensive spatial-temporal information about the entire sign language movement. Consequently, detailed information (facial expression, gestures, and etc.) of each movement that is important for sign language translation is not emphasized. Accordingly, in this paper, we propose Spatial-temporal Keypoints Centered Sign2Gloss2Text Translation, named STKC-Sign2 Gloss2Text, to supplement the sequential and semantic information of keypoints which are the core of recognizing and translating sign language. STKC-Sign2Gloss2Text consists of two steps, Spatial Keypoints Embedding, which extracts 121 major keypoints from each image, and Temporal Keypoints Embedding, which emphasizes sequential information using Bi-GRU for extracted keypoints of sign language. The proposed model outperformed all Bilingual Evaluation Understudy(BLEU) scores in Development(DEV) and Testing(TEST) than Sign2Gloss2Text as the baseline, and in particular, it proved the effectiveness of the proposed methodology by achieving 23.19, an improvement of 1.87 based on TEST BLEU-4.

본 연구에서는 논 토양이나 하천 퇴적토와 같이 환원조건의 담수 토양환경에서 식물체 전이특성을 가지는 토양 무기원소(As, Cd, Pb, Zn)의 존재형태를 벼 재배를 포함하는 포트실험을 통해 확인하였다. 일반적으로 산 추출형(교환가능형, 탄산염결합형, 특이적/비특이적 흡착형태)으로 존재하는 무기원소가 이동성을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 담수상태의 토양에서 성장한 벼 뿌리의 무기원소 농도는 원소별 다른 인과관계를 보였는데, 비소는 토양 내 산 추출형과 환원성 형태, 카드뮴과 납은 토양 내 환원성 형태의 농도와 높은 선형의 관계를 보였다. 식물체 생장의 필수원소인 아연은 존재형태별 토양농도와 식물체 전이농도간 인과관계를 나타내지 않았다. 그러므로 토양 무기원소의 이동성 평가 시 담수여부와 같은 부지특성(산화환원 환경)을 우선적으로 확인할 필요가 있을 것이다. 아울러, 철·망간에 결합된 비소, 카드뮴, 납의 경우 담수된 논 토양과 같은 환원환경에서 이동성이 증가할 수 있으므로, 환원형 형태의 농도 역시 추가적으로 검토할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study investigated the mobility of inorganic elements (As, Cd, Pb, and Zn) that existed as acid extractable and reducible forms in flooded soils with a pot experiment involving rice cultivation. In general, it is known that soil inorganic elements that existed as an acid extractable form which includes exchangeable, carbonates, non-specifically sorbed, and specifically sorbed have mobility. However, the result of the experiment revealed that each inorganic elements of rice roots grown from flooded soils had different characteristics. The concentrations of Arsenic existed as both forms and the concentrations of cadmium and lead existed as a reducible form in the soils showed a high causal relationship with the concentrations of those elements in the roots of rice plants. The concentrations of zinc, an essential plant element, didn't show a causal relationship. Therefore it is necessary to consider the soil's environmental characteristics such as drained/flooded condition, oxidation/reduction condition, etc. for the mobility assessment of inorganic elements. The concentrations of the reducible form of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in flooded environment such as a paddy field should be also considered because the mobility of these elements combined with Fe/Mn increases in the reduction condition.

본 연구에서는 등수국 잎 추출물의 미백 및 항산화 활성을 확인하고 유효성분을 분리하여 화학구조를 동정하였다. B16F10 melanoma 세포를 이용한 미백 활성 실험 결과, n-hexane (Hex) 분획물이 세포독성 없는 농도에서 멜라닌 생성 및 세포 내 tyrosinase 효소의 활성을 억제시키고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 Hex 분획물이 tyrosinase 및 TRP-2 단백질의 발현을 감소시켰다. 반면, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) 분획물은 DPPH 및 ABTS⁺ 라디칼 소거 활성이 우수하였고, H₂O₂로 유도된 세포 손상에 대한 세포보호 효과를 나타내었다. Hex 및 EtOAc 분획물의 활성 성분을 규명하기 위해 컬럼 크로마토그래피를 수행하여 8 개의 화합물을 분리하였다; ethyl linoleate (1), ethyl linolenate (2), 1-linoleoyl glycerol (3), 1-linolenoyl glycerol (4), epi-catechin (5), afzelin (6), quercitrin (7), hyperin (8). 분리된 화합물에 대한 항산화 활성 측정 결과, 화합물 5 - 8의 라디칼 소거 활성이 우수함을 확인하였다. 또한 HPLC 분석을 통해 주성분인 quercitrin (7)의 함량을 측정한 결과, 추출물에서 31.3 mg/g, EtOAc 분획물에서 169.8 mg/g이 함유되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 연구 결과를 바탕으로 등수국 잎은 미백 및 항산화 효과를 갖는 천연 화장품 소재로의 개발이 가능할 것이라 사료된다.

In this study, the whitening and antioxidant effects of the extracts from Hydrangea petiolaris (H. petiolaris) leaves was confirmed, and the chemical structure was identified by separating the active ingredients. In the whitening tests using α-MSH stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells, the n-hexane (Hex) fraction inhibited the cellular melanogenesis and intracellular tyrosinase activities without causing cell toxicity. In addition, the Hex fraction reduced expression of tyrosinase and TRP-2 protein. Upon the anti-oxidative studies by DPPH and ABTS⁺ radicals, potent radical scavenging activities were observed in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction. Also, for the cellular protective effects on HaCat keratinocytes damaged by H₂O₂, the EtOAc fraction indicated protective effects against oxidative stress. Eight phytochemicals were isolated from the extract of H. petiolaris leaves; ethyl linoleate (1), ethyl linolenate (2), 1-linoleoyl glycerol (3), 1-linolenoyl glycerol (4), epi-catechin (5), afzelin (6), quercitrin (7), hyperin (8). Among the isolates, the compounds 5 - 8 showed DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activities. The contents of quercitirin, a major isolated in this extract, determined by HPLC analysis were confirmed to be about 31.3 mg/g for the 70% ethanol extract and 169.8 mg/g for the EtOAc fraction. Based on these results, it was suggested that the extract from H. petiolaris leaves could be potentially applicable as whitening and anti-oxidative ingredients in cosmetic formulations.

본 연구에서는 동백 꽃 아임계 수 추출물(SWE, 135 ~ 180 ℃, 70 bar 조건)의 항염 및 항산화 효능을 70% 에탄올 및 열수 추출물과 비교 분석하였다. 이들 추출물 중 180 ℃, 70 bar의 조건으로 추출한 아임계수 추출물의 수율(57.9%)이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 이는 열수 추출물(28.1%)에 비해서 2배 이상 추출 수율이 증가하였다. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)로 자극된 RAW 264.7 대식세포를 이용한 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 억제 활성 실험 결과, 아임계 수 추출물이 세포 독성 없이 NO의 생성을 저해시키는 효과가 70% 에탄올 및 열수 추출물보다 우수함을 확인하였다. 또한 DPPH 및 ABTS⁺ 라디칼 소거 활성 실험 결과, 아임계 수 추출물의 라디칼 소거 활성이 70% 에탄올 및 열수 추출물과 유사하게 나타났다. 동백 꽃의 주성분인 gallic acid의 함량을 HPLC를 이용하여 분석한 결과, 아임계 수 추출물(165 ℃, 70 bar)에서 함량이 1.62 mg/g으로 가장 높게 분석되었다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 동백 꽃 아임계 수 추출물은 항염 및 항산화 효과를 갖는 천연 화장품 소재로써 활용이 가능할 것이라 사료된다.

In this study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant efficacy of camellia subcritical water extracts (SWE, 135 ~ 180 ℃, 70 bar) was compared with 70% ethanol and hot water extracts. Among these extracts, the yield (57.9%) of the subcritical water extract, which was extracted under the condition of 180 ℃ and 70 bar was the highest, which increased the extraction yield by more than two times compared to the hot water extract (28.1%). The results of the nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition activity experiment using RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that subcritical water extracts had superior effects in inhibiting the production of NO without cytotoxicity than 70% ethanol and hot water extracts. In addition, DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activity experiments showed that the radical scavenging activity of subcritical water extract was similar to that of 70% ethanol and hot water extract. Moreover, the content of gallic acid was determined by HPLC and the quantity was about 1.62 mg/g for the SWE (165 ℃, 70 bar), which was the highest among all of the extracts. Based on these results, it is concluded the SWE of C. japonica flowers could be potentially applicable as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative ingredients in cosmetic formulations.

국제해사기구(IMO)의 온실가스(GHG) 감축 전략과 같은 환경규제를 강화함에 따라 친환경 선박 및 대체 연료 등 기술 개발이 확대되고 있다. 그의 일환으로 해운사와 조선사를 중심으로 에너지 저감과 풍력 추진 기술을 활용한 선박 추진 기술이 대두되고 있다. 풍력 추진 기술의 확보와 실증 연구를 조선 및 해운 분야에 도입함으로써 친환경 기술을 활용한 고부가가치 시장을 창출할 수 있으며, 운항선박의 연료 소비율을 줄임으로써 연비를 약 6~8 % 정도 향상시켜 GHG의 감축을 기대할 수 있다. 로터 세일(Rotor Sail, RS) 기술은 원형 실린더가 일정한 속도로 회전하여 유체를 통과할 때 실린더의 수직 방향으로 유체역학적 힘을 발생시키는 기술이다. 이를 마그누스 효과(Magnus Effect)라고 하며, 본 연구에서는 선박에 설치된 풍력보조추진 시스템인 RS 주위의 난류 유동특성에 관한 수치해석적 연구를 통하여 추진효율을 높일 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 그래서 RS의 공기 역학적 힘에 영향을 미치는 매개변수로써 속도비(Spin Ratio, SR)와 종횡비(Aspect Ratio, AR) 변화에 따른 양력계수(C_L)와 항력계수(C_D)를 도출하였고, RS 끝단 플레이트(End Plate, EP) 적용에 따른 RS 주변 유동특성을 비교하였다.

As environmental regulations such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO)'s strategy to reduce greenhouse gases(GHG) are strengthened, technology development such as eco-friendly ships and alternative fuels is expanding. As part of this, ship propulsion technology using energy reduction and wind propulsion technology is emerging, especially in shipping companies and shipbuilders. By securing wind propulsion technology and introducing empirical research into shipbuilding and shipping, a high value-added market using eco-friendly technology can be created. Moreover, by reducing the fuel consumption rate of operating ships, GHG can be reduced by 6-8%. Rotor Sail (RS) technology is to generate a hydrodynamic lift in the vertical direction of the cylinder when the circular cylinder rotates at a constant speed and passes through the fluid. This is called the Magnus effect, and this study attempted to propose a plan to increase propulsion efficiency through a numerical analysis study on turbulence flow characteristics around RS, a wind power assistance propulsion system installed on a ship. Therefore, C_L and C_D values according to SR and AR changes were derived as parameters that affect the aerodynamic force of the RS, and the flow characteristics around the rotor sail were compared according to EP application.

본 연구에서는 생달나무 잎 추출물 및 용매 분획물의 항염 및 항산화 효능을 확인하고 유효성분을 분리하여 화학구조를 동정하였다. RAW 264.7 세포를 이용한 분획 시료의 NO 생성 억제 활성 실험 결과, EtOAc 분획물이 세포 독성 없는 농도에서 NO의 생성을 억제시키는 효능을 확인하였다. 또한 EtOAc 분획물이 iNOS 단백질의 발현 및 전염증성 사이토카인(TNF-α, IL-1β) 생성 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 항산화 활성 실험 결과, EtOAc 분획물이 DPPH 및 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거능이 우수함을 확인하였다. EtOAc 분획물의 활성 성분을 규명하기 위해 컬럼 크로마토그라피를 수행하여 5개의 화합물을 분리하였다; (4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylcyclohex-2-enone (1), methoxy-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanediol (2), afzelin (3), nicotiflorine (4), narcissin (5). 화합물 1-5는 모두 생달나무에서 처음으로 분리되었다. 분리 화합물에 대한 항염 활성 실험 결과, 화합물 1, 3, 4 및 5는 세포 독성 없이 NO 생성 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 또한 화합물 1은 염증 매개인자인 TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6의 생성 억제 활성을 보여주었다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 생달나무 잎은 항염 및 항산화 효과를 갖는 의약품 및 화장품 관련 천연 소재로의 개발이 가능할 것이라 사료된다.

In this study, the extract of Cinnamomum yabunikkei leaves were investigated for the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities and their active constituents were identified. In the anti-inflammatory tests using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) without causing cell toxicity. In addition, the EtOAc fraction reduced expression of iNOS protein and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β). Upon the anti-oxidative studies by DPPH and ABTS+ radicals, potent radical scavenging activities were observed in the EtOAc fraction. Five phytochemicals were isolated from the extract of C. yabunikkei leaves; (4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylcyclohex-2-enone (1), methoxy-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanediol (2), afzelin (3), nicotiflorine (4) and narcissin (5). As far as we know, compounds 1-5 were isolated for the first time from this plant. In the anti-inflammatory tests for the isolates, compound 1, 3, 4 and 5 were determined to decrease NO production without causing cell toxicity. Furthermore, compound 1 reduced expression of iNOS protein and exhibited potent inhibitory activities of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Based on these results, it was suggested that the extract and isolated compounds from C. yabunikkei leaves could be potentially applicable as natural source for pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic ingredients.

Objectives The purpose of this study is to obtain knowledge from clinical studies conducted in China to examine the effectiveness of herb medicine in childhood acute leukemia. Methods We searched the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with herbal medicine treatment on childhood acute leukemia from the 'CAJ', Chinese Academic Journal from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). And then, demographic data, duration of illness, intervention, treatment period, outcome, adverse events, and composition of herbal medicine were analyzed for this study. Result 10 RCT studies were selected and analyzed. The control group were given western medicine therapy, the treatment group was given herbal medicine on the basis of the control group. The most commonly used herbal medicine were 淸熱解毒藥, 補氣藥, 補陰藥, 活血祛瘀藥 in 'boosting vital force and driving out evil spirit (扶正祛邪)' way to 'relieve heat (熱毒)' and 'assist the vital force (正氣)'. In the treatment group, complete remission was significantly higher than control group and the decrease in TCM syndrome scores also showed significant effects. Adverse events were significantly lower in the treatment group. Conclusions Herbal medicine treatment on childhood acute leukemia can be suggested as a new treatment for children who have less response to the conventional therapy, and can supplement the limitations of the western medicine by increasing complete remission and reducing adverse events.

건조 수산가공식품의 안전성 확보를 위해 2020년 경기도 내 유통 중인 건조 수산가공식품 12품목 120건을 수거하여 방사능(¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³⁷Cs) 및 중금속(납, 카드뮴, 비소, 수은) 함량을 분석하였다. 모든 시료에서 자연 방사성 핵종 중 하나인 ⁴⁰K만 검출되었으며, 인공 방사성 물질인 ¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³⁷Cs는 최소검출가능농도(MDA) 이하의 값을 나타내었다. 중금속의 평균 함량[평균±표준편차(최소값-최대값)]은 생물로 환산하였을 때 납 0.066±0.065(N.D.-0.332) mg/kg, 카드뮴 0.200±0.406(N.D.-2.941) mg/kg, 비소 3.630±3.170(0.371-15.007) mg/kg, 수은 0.009±0.011(0.0005-0.0621) mg/kg 이었으며, 수산물에서 중금속 기준이 있는 제품의 경우 모두 기준 규격 이내로 나타났다. 국내산 제품과 수입산 제품의 중금속 함량은, 조개의 카드뮴과 새우의 수은 함량에서만 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 본 연구 결과, 유통 중인 건조 수산가공식품에서 방사능 및 중금속은 안전한 수준인 것으로 판단되나, 식품 중 특히 수산물에서 방사능 오염에 대한 국민의 우려가 크기 때문에 국민들의 불안감 해소를 위해 방사능 검사는 지속적으로 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또 향후 건조 수산가공식품 중에서도 건조된 형태로 직접 섭취 가능한 제품의 중금속 관리 기준 설정을 위한 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

A total of 120 samples corresponding to 12 categories of dried processed fishery products distributed in Gyeonggi-do were examined for radioactivity contamination (¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³⁷Cs) and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury). One natural radioactive material, ⁴⁰K, was detected in all products, while the artificial radioactive materials ¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs were not detected at above MDA (minimum detectable activity) values. The detection ranges of heavy metals converted by biological basis were found as follows: Pb (N.D.-0.332 mg/kg), Cd (N.D.-2.941 mg/kg), As (0.371-15.007 mg/kg), Hg (0.0005-0.0621 mg/kg). Heavy metals were detected within standard levels when there was an acceptable standard, but the arsenic content was high in most products, although none of the products had a permitted level of arsenic. In the case of dried processed fishery products, there are products that are consumed by restoring moisture to its original state, but there are also many products that are consumed directly in the dry state, so it will be necessary to set permitted levels for heavy metals considering this situation in the future. In addition, Japan has decided to release contaminated water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into the ocean, so there is high public concern about radioactivity contamination of food, including fishery products. Therefore, continuous monitoring of various food items will be necessary to ease consumers' anxiety.

본 연구에서 축 방향으로 충전 된 이종 추진제를 적용 이중 추력 추진기관의 성능 예측/해석 방법을 개발하였다. 부스터로부터 서스테이너 단계로 천이될 때 계면에서 성능에 관한 과도현상이 발생하였는데, 그 과도현상의 원인과 특성을 연소시험 결과와 함께 비교하여 조사하였다. 성능과도 현상은 추진제 물성이 서로 다른 추진제 사이 형상설계뿐만 아니라, 추진제 경화 수축에 따른 제작상 오차에 의해 민감하게 발생되고 있음을 확인되었다.

In this study, we developed a method to predict/analyze the performance of a dual thrust rocket motor that has 2 kinds propellant charged in axial direction. When transitioning from the booster to the suspender stage, a transient phenomenon related to performance occurred at the interface. The causes and characteristics of the transient phenomenon were investigated by comparing them with the results of the combustion test. It was confirmed that the performance transient phenomenon is sensitively generated not only by the shape design between the propellants with different properties of the propellant, but also by errors in manufacturing due to the propellant curing shrinkage.

본 연구에서는 기업상담 대상자를 상담 선택요인으로 유형을 구분하고 하위유형에 따라 인구통계학적 및 상담이용관련 특성, 직무소진, 상담에 대한 태도에서 차이가 나타나는지 살펴보았다. 연구를 위해 서울·경기지역회사 중 기업상담 서비스를 도입한 회사의 상담 경험이 없는 직원 398명을 대상으로 하였다. 군집분석 결과, '사람·제품 중시 집단', '사람·제품·유통 중시 집단', '사람·제품·서비스전달과정 중시 집단'으로 구분되었다. 그리고 하위유형에 따라 인구통계학적 및 상담이용관련 특성, 상담에 대한 태도에서 차이가 나타났는데, 주로 주니어 계층들은 '사람·제품 중시 집단'에 속해 있고 나머지 두 군집은 시니어 계층들로 구성되었으며, 추후 전문가의 도움이 필요할 때 상담 받을 가능성이 높을 것으로 예상된 집단은 '사람·제품·서비스전달과정 중시 집단'이었다. 또한 하위유형에 따라 직무소진에서도 차이가 나타났는데 '사람·제품 중시 집단'이 가장 직무소진이 큰 것으로 나타나 상담이 시급한 대상임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 하위유형에 따라 중요시 하는 상담서비스 선택요인과 대상자의 특성을 고려해서 차별화된 홍보 전략을 기획하는데 시사점을 제공한다. 마지막으로 본 연구결과에 대한 의의와 향후 연구에 대한 제언 등이 논의되었다.

This reserch categorizes the workplace recipient into selection criteria and studies the difference of demographic characteristics, counseling usage characteristics, job burnout, and differentiation of counseling behavior according to the subtype criteria. The survey has been collected 398 employee's responses who have no experience in counseling, who belong to the companies deploying counseling program and the companies are located in Seoul and Kyunggi area. As a result of the cluster analysis, the group was divided into "People-Product Oriented Type", "People-Product-Place Oriented Type", "People-Product-Process of service assembly Oriented Type". Subtype differentiates demographic characteristic and counseling usage characteristic and it convinces that junior employees belong to "People-Product Oriented Type" and senior employees belong to "People-Product-Place Oriented Type" and "People-Product-Process of service assembly Oriented Type". "People-Product-Process of service assembly Oriented Type" is the cluster who takes counseling services most likely if the counseling requirements are raised. Each subtype shows the differentiation of job burnout and "People-Product Oriented Type" is more exposed in job burnout among the subtypes which required urgent counseling assistance. This research is meaningful to take differentiated marketing strategies in subtype basis by considering workplace counseling service selection and recipient characteristics. Furthermore, it discusses the meaning of this research and the proposal for the further investigation.

본 연구는 국내 고유종인 한우에서 1) 농후사료 급여 후 조사료 급여, 2) 조사료 급여 후 농후사료 급여, 3) TMR 급여의 총 세 가지 형태의 사료급여가 반추위 발효성상, 총 가스 및 메탄 발생량에 미치는 영향을 in vitro로 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 사료 급여 형태에 따라 반추위 환경이 변화할 것으로 가설을 세우고, 옥수수 (M)와 티모시 (T)를 기질로 하여 반추위액의 24시간 in vitro 배양을 실시하였다. 따라서 시험 처리구는 총 6개로 구성되었다: M1, M2, M3, T1, T2, T3. 반추위 pH는 사료 급여방식 2에서 다른 처리구보다 높았고 (P < 0.001), 티모시 기질에서 옥수수 기질보다 높았다 (P < 0.001). 휘발성 지방산 (VFA; volatile fatty acid) 조사항목들 (Total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate)은 사료 급여방식 1에서 가장 높았고 급여방식 2에서 가장 낮았으며 (P < 0.001), 옥수수 기질에서 더 많이 생산되었다 (P < 0.001). 반추위액 내 acetate:propionate 비율은 사료 급여방식에 따른 효과는 없었으나 (P = 0.116), 티모시 기질이 옥수수 기질보다 더 높은 값을 나타냈다 (P < 0.001). 암모니아태 질소 (NH₃-N)는 사료 급여방식 1에서 다른 처리구보다 높았으며(P < 0.001), 티모시 기질에서 높은 수치를 보였다 (P < 0.001). 총 가스 및 메탄가스 발생량은 사료 급여방식 1에서 가장 높았고(P < 0.001), 옥수수 기질에서 더 많이 생산되었다 (P < 0.001). 메탄은 이산화탄소의 20배 이상의 지구온난화효과를 갖는 것으로 알려져 있고, 반추가축이 섭취한 에너지의 손실로 작용하고 있어 장내발효 메탄 발생량을 저감하는 것은 매우 중요한 과제라 할 수 있다. 반추가축에서 사료급여 방식에 따른 메탄 발생량 차이에 대한 결론을 얻기 위해서는 보다 다각적인 형태의 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of feeding methods on in vitro ruminal fermentation, total gas and methane production in Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers fitted with rumen cannula (430 ± 21 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to one of three feeding systems: 1) feeding forage 1 hour after concentrate, 2) feeding concentrate 1 hour after forage, 3) feeding mixed ration. Rumen fluid sampled from each animals was incubated 24 hours with maize or timothy substrates in in vitro. Ruminal pH was increased in feeding method 2 or maize substrate than that of other methods or timothy substrate (P < 0.001). The production of total volatile fatty acid, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate were increased when steers fed diets using feeding method 1 or rumen fluid was incubated with maize substrate (P < 0.001). Increased production of total gas and methane was observed in feeding method 1 and maize substrate compared to those of other methods or timothy substrate (P < 0.001). Due to the inconsistent results between ruminal fermentation and gas production in this study, further research is required to estimate effects of feeding method on enteric fermentation and gas production in in vivo.

본 연구는 간호대학생의 호스피스인식이 임종간호태도에 미치는 영향을 확인하고 이들의 관계에서 영적안녕의 매개효과를 알아보는 것이 목적이다. 연구 목적을 달성하기위해 344명의 간호대학생을 대상으로 설문 조사하였으며 SPSS 21과 AMOS 21로 결과를 분석하였다. 연구결과로는 첫째, 간호대학생의 임종태도는 호스피스인식 및 영적안녕과 모두 정의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 임종간호태도에 영향을 미치는 변인을 모두 고려하여 분석한 결과, 연구모형과 구조모형의 적합도는 모두 매우 양호한 수준으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 간호대학생의 임종간호태도에 호스피스인식은 긍정적인 영향을 미치며 이들의 관계에서 영적태도는 매개효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 토대로 간호대학생의 호스피스에 대한 효과적인 간호에 대한 함의를 제시하고자 한다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of perception on hospice among nursing students on terminal care attitude and to find out the mediating effect of spiritual wellbeing in their relationships. To achieve the purpose of the study, 344 nursing students were surveyed and the results were analyzed using SPSS 21 and AMOS 21. As a result of the study, first, it was found that the terminal care attitude of nursing students had a positive correlation with both perception on hospice and spiritual wellbeing. Second, as a result of analyzing considering all the variables affecting terminal care attitude, Both the research model and the structural model were found to have very goodness of fit. Finally, it was found that perception on hospice had a positive effect on the terminal care attitude of nursing students, and spiritual wellbeing had a mediating effect in their relationship. Based on these results, this study aims to present implications for the effective nursing of hospice in nursing students.

본 논문에서는 연소특성이 다른 이종추진제를 갖는 이중추력 추진기관 개발을 기술하였다. 적용된 이종추진제의 조성 개발과 이종추진제간 접착방법과 접착력 개선을 위해 free-grain형식으로 추진제 충전 제작 공정을 개발하였다. 추가해서, 소형 추진기관으로 점화 현상을 충족시키기 위해 고밀도 foam으로 개발한 노즐 마개를 적용함으로써 점화지연을 개선시켰다. 이런 설계와 개선된 제작공정을 반영하여 개발된 추진기관은 지상성능시험으로 그 성능을 평가하였다.

This paper describes the development for the dual thrust rocket motor with two types of propellants with different combustion characteristics. We developed the composition of two kinds of propellant to be applied to a rocket motor, and improved a propellant charging process in a free grain type to improve the adhesion method and the problems of adhesion between different propellants. In addition, to meet the ignition phenomenon as a small rocket motor, the ignition delay was improved by applying a nozzle plug developed in a high density foam. The propulsion rocket motor reflecting this design and the improved manufacturing process was evaluated through a ground performance test.

본 연구는 전국자연환경조사 어류 데이터를 이용하여 국내 담수 생태계에 도입된 배스의 분포 현황을 파악하고 공간분석을 통해 핫스팟 지역을 분석하였다. 위해성 평가를 통해 배스의 잠재적 침습성을 평가하여 수생태계 생물 다양성 교란에 대한 영향을 재고하였다. 분포 분석 결과, 제주도 지역을 포함하여 한강권역과 낙동강권역, 금강권역, 영산강·섬진강권역 전체에서 분포하는 것으로 분석되었다. 낙동강권역에서 가장 높은 출현율을 나타내었으며, 제주도 지역을 제외한 영산강·섬진강권역에서 비교적 낮은 출현율을 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다. 배스의 공간적 군집 밀도가 높은 지역으로는 낙동강권역의 낙동강수계가 선정되었으며, 반대로 낮은 지역으로는 한강권역과 금강권역의 인접한 지역으로 분석되었다. 국내 대부분의 담수하천에 서식하는 것으로 나타난 배스의 위해성 평가를 실시한 결과, 31점의 높은 침습성을 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구를 통해 우리나라 담수 생태계에 정착한 것으로 파악되는 생태계교란종인 배스로부터 실질적인 관리 우선지역을 도출하여 담수 생태계 다양성 보전을 위한 과학적 기초자료를 마련할 수 있을 것으로 전망한다.

Using the data from the national survey of fish, we determined the population size and the distribution of Micropterus salmoides, which is a translocated species into the aquatic ecosystem of Korea. . The spatial concentration of this species was determined by performing an optimized hot spot analysis. After determining potential invasiveness and risk assessment, we measured the disturbance of biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystem. The result of distribution analysis indicates that the population of M. salmoides was concentrated in the major basins of Han river, Geum river, Nakdong river, and Yeongsan-Seomjin river, including the Jeju island. In particular, Nakdong river basin showed the highest appearance rate. On the contrary, Yeongsan-Seomjin river basin showed the lowest appearance rate. The Nakdong river and the Nakdong river basin were the areas with the high spatial concentration of M. salmoides. On the other hand, only Han river basin and Geum river basin had the lowest spatial concentration. The fish invasiveness screening kit(FISK) was used to assess M. salmoides, which inhabited a broad region of aquatic ecosystem: the assessment score was 31.0, indicating its 'highly invasive' nature. Our study aims to encourage research that improves the biodiversity and the conservation of M. salmoides in a priority area.