Evacuation decision-making during tsunami and flood events is a complex cognitive process that is often constrained by the quality and clarity of available risk information. Conventional hazard maps provide static spatial information but offer limited support for the decision-making processes that lead to protective action. This study theoretically examines how the progressive development of smart hazard map (SHM) systems addresses key cognitive barriers in evacuation decision-making, using the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) by Lindell and Perry as an evaluative framework. Through a systematic mapping of hazard map systems — static hazard maps, SHM 1.0, and SHM 1.5 — against the stages of PADM, this study identifies which cognitive stages each system facilitates and which barriers remain unresolved. The analysis reveals a progressive pattern in which each system generation incrementally addresses additional PADM stages. In particular, SHM 1.5 introduces an explicit trade-off framework between route travel time and risk level, targeting cognitive stages not fully addressed by prior generations. This design approach is theorized to facilitate a shift in user orientation — from a distance-efficiency orientation, in which users prioritize the shortest route, toward a more comprehensive risk awareness in evacuation route selection. The findings suggest that aligning hazard map design with the cognitive structure of PADM provides a meaningful theoretical basis for supporting protective action in evacuation contexts. However, the extent to which this theoretical orientation shift translates into actual behavioral change requires further empirical validation. This study contributes a structured framework for evaluating and designing hazard map systems that are responsive to human cognitive processes in emergency situations.
저자
Manato Kosaka [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Yutaka Tada [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Taichi Sugimori [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Ryo Moriwaki [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Yoshifumi Fujimori [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Shingo Suzuki [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Mursyida Nurfadhilla [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Yoshinori Tsukada [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Yoshimasa Umehara [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Masaya Nakahara [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Yasunori Kozuki [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Yukari Ando [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]
Isao Goto [ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University; Ehime Prefectural Government; National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) ]