This study investigated the effects of teacher questioning types and wait-time duration on the creativity of Korean elementary EFL learners in a remote video-instruction setting. The research involved 44 students (grades 3-6) at a Metropolitan Office of Education English Center, utilizing a dual-experimental design: Experiment 1 focused on questioning strategies (open-ended vs. closed-ended), and Experiment 2 examined expanded wait-time (over 5 seconds). To achieve comprehensive data triangulation, a quantitative design was utilized alongside a supplementary qualitative analysis. Quantitative metrics from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) were analyzed in conjunction with qualitative data from student reflections, teacher journals, and in-depth interviews. The findings are as follows: First, although questioning types showed no statistically significant difference in total creativity scores, mean score trends and qualitative evidence highlighted the underlying possibilities of open-ended questions. These functioned as a “creative trigger,” and their success was heavily mediated by the teacher’s affective scaffolding, including humor and a permissive attitude. Second, extended wait-time (5s+) led to a statistically significant improvement in fluency, demonstrating that providing the extended wait-time can effectively facilitate the quantitative expansion of creative output. While flexibility and originality did not show immediate statistical shifts, the extended duration reduced language anxiety and encouraged creative risk-taking. The results suggest that strategic questioning combined with intentional wait-time can effectively foster both quantitative and qualitative growth in EFL creativity.
목차
Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅱ. 문헌 연구 A. 창의성의 개념과 초등 영어교육에서의 연구 동향 B. 교사의 발문(Questioning)과 창의성 발현 C. 대기시간(Wait-time)의 교육적 효과와 초등 영어교육 Ⅲ. 연구 방법 A. 연구 환경 및 실험 설계 B. 연구 참여자 C. 연구 절차 D. 자료 수집 및 분석 방법 Ⅳ. 결과 및 논의 A. 발문 유형이 창의성에 미치는 영향 B. 대기시간이 창의성에 미치는 영향 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 참고문헌 Abstract
키워드
Elementary English educationCreativityQuestioning typesOpen-ended questionsExtended Wait-time