For humans, maternal old age means the age of 35 or older at the time of childbirth. Maternal metabolism not only affects the cognitive func-tion of the offspring, but also affects their physical and neurological de-velopment. This study aims to elucidate the effects of exercise training on spatial learning memory, neurogenesis, and apoptosis in the off-spring of old mice. Using mice, the offspring of old mothers showed im-paired spatial learning memory, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and postsynaptic density protein 95 levels, suppressed neuro-genesis, and increased hippocampal apoptotic cell death. In contrast, the offspring of the old mothers had improved spatial learning memory, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and postsynaptic density protein 95 levels, increased neurogenesis, and decreased hippocampal apoptotic cell death when they received exercise training. The present results indicate that there is apparent spatial learning memory impair-ment among the offspring of old mothers, but by contrast, exercise can ameliorate spatial learning memory impairment. Exercise can be an ef-fective countermeasure against memory decline in the offspring of old mothers.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals Exercise protocol Preparation of tissue samples Morris water maze Immunofluorescence Quantification of histology Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining Western blotting Statistical analyses RESULTS Effect of exercise on spatial learning memory in offspring Effect of exercise on hippocampal BDNF and PSD-95 levels in offspring Effect of exercise on hippocampal Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in offspring Effect of exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis in offspring DISCUSSION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES
Tae-Woon Kim [ Department of Human Health Care, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea ]
Sang-Seo Park [ School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea ]
Hye-Sang Park [ Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea ]
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