Adiponectin secreted from adipose tissue binds to two distinct adi-ponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) identified and exerts its an-ti-diabetic effects in insulin-sensitive organs including liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue as well as amelioration of vascular dysfunc-tion in the various vasculatures. A number of experimental and clinical observations have demonstrated that circulating levels of adiponectin are markedly reduced in obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Therapeutic interventions which can improve the action of adiponectin including elevation of circulating adiponectin concentration or up-regulation and/or activation of its receptors, could provide better understanding of strategies to ameliorate metabolic dis-orders and vascular disease. The focus of the present review is to sum-marize accumulating evidence showing the role of interventions such as pharmacological agents, exercise, and calorie restriction in the ex-pression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION EFFECTS OF INTERVENTIONS ON ADIPONECTIN AND ADIPONECTIN RECEPTORS Pharmacological and dietary intervention Exercise Calorie restriction, weight loss, and gastric bypass surgery CONCLUSIONS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES