Abstract
I. Introduction
Ⅱ. Literature Review
1. Social Media and the Escalation of Online Abuse
2. Malicious Comments: Definitions and Types
3. The Socioeconomic Costs of Malicious Comments
Ⅲ. Methodology
1. Data Description
2. Procedure
3. Analytical Framework
Ⅳ. Results
1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Estimation Results of the Spike Model
Ⅴ. Discussion
Ⅵ. Conclusion
References
Abstract