Abstract
INTRODUCTION
1. BREAKTHROUGH: PARTIAL INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIAL POWER AND STATE MONOPOLY OF PENAL POWER
2. BREAKTHROUGH: IMPROVED JUDICIAL PROCESS AND PENAL ADMINISTRATION AND THE GROWTH OF PEOPLE’S RIGHTS
Amelioration of the Penal Administration
Separation of Civil and Criminal Cases
Abolition of Punishment by Association and Status Distinction
Abolition of the Status System and Slavery
3. CONTINUITY: INEFFECTIVE APPEAL SYSTEM AND THE UNSTABILITY OF FINAL JUDGEMENTS
4. CONTINUITY: LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS SERVING AS JUDICIAL OFFICIALS AND THE PRACTICE OF INTERROGATION UNDER TORTURE
Interrogation under Torture
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES