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본고에서는 「特別」 「特殊」를 예로 대규모 언어데이터인 코퍼스에 나타난 사용실태의 면밀 한 관찰을 통해 유의어의 차이를 분석하는 방법에 관하여 검토하였다. 「特別」 「特殊」를 구분 하는 변별적 기준을 빈도, 문맥, 장르의 세 관점에서 구체적으로 제시하였다. 첫째, 빈도비율에 있어서 「特別」 73%＞「特殊」 24%(BCCWJ), 「特別」 70.5%＞「特殊」 26.8%(NLT)를 나타내어 자료에 관계없이 동일한 경향을 나타낸다. 이로부터 일반적인 사용 도와 어휘지도에 있어서의 도입순서 모두 「特別」의 우위가 확인되었다. 둘째, 사용문맥에 있어서 후행명사의 의미경향을 통해 변별적 기준을 추출하였다. 「特別」 는 ‘화자의 주관적인 판단에 의해 평범한 것과 구별해야 함’ 또는 ‘객관적인 내용이나 강도 자체가 일반적이지 않아 구별됨’을 나타내는 데 반해 「特殊」는 ‘질적인 면에서 보통과 다른 수준의 것’을 나타낸다. 셋째, 사용 장르에 있어서 「特別」는 「特殊」에 비해 법률, 국회회의록, 홍보지, 교과서, 백서 등의 공적인 문서나 장면에서 많이 사용되며 知恵袋, 블로그 등의 일상적인 장면에서도 사용 빈도가 높다.

In this paper, using TOKUBETSU and TOKUSHU as examples, I examined how to analyze the differences in synonyms through close observation of the actual state of usage shown in the corpus, which is large-scale linguistic data. The criteria for distinguishing between TOKUBETSU and TOKUSHU are presented in detail from three perspectives: frequency, context, and genre. First, in terms of frequency ratio, 73% of TOKUBETSU>24% of TOKUSHU(BCCWJ), 70.5% of TOKUBETSU>26.8% of TOKUSHU (NLT), indicating the same trend regardless of data. From this, the superiority of TOKUBETSU in both general usage and the order of introduction in vocabulary education was confirmed. Second, the discriminative criterion was extracted through the semantic tendency of the trailing noun in the context of use. TOKUBETSU indicates that “the speaker's subjective judgment should distinguish it from the ordinary” or “the objective content or intensity itself is not ordinary and therefore distinguished,” while TOKUSHU indicates “something that is different from the average in quality.” Third, in terms of the genre of use, TOKUBETSU is more often used in public documents and scenes such as laws, parliamentary minutes, publicity papers, textbooks, and white papers than TOKUSHU, and is also used more frequently in everyday scenes such as web blogs.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the difference between the meaning and usage of the synonyms KIKEN and RISUKU through a survey using corpus. 1.KIKEN and RISUKU have a common meaning of 'the possibility of undesirable events or negative consequences'. 2.In the case of complex nouns KIKEN represents prediction and prevention of dangerous areas, places, substances, people, actions, or risks, whereas RISUKU represents management and evaluation of risks. 3.In the case of receiving the formula of a NO noun, KIKEN represents a risk of body, life, or disaster, whereas RISUKU related to economic activities. 4.In the case of receiving a basic verb modification, KIKEN indicates the risk of making a mistake, an incident, an accident, etc., whereas RISUKU economic loss. 5.RISUKU tends to represent a risk to be borne, suppressed, managed, whereas KIKEN is detected, predicted, avoided.

이 논문은 영어 부정어 ‘no', 'not', 'never'이 포함된 영어 부정문이 한국어 긍정문으로 번역되는 양상을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 『The Catcher in the Rye』, 『The Kite Runner』, 『Life of Pi』, 『River Boy』의 영어 소설과 한국어 번역본 『호밀밭의 파수꾼』, 『연을 쫓는 아이』, 『파이 이야기』, 『리버보이』의 영한 병렬 자료에서 발췌한 자료를 대상 으로 반의어와 유의어를 기준으로 나누어 번역되는 양상을 조사하였다. 먼저 반의어를 사용하여 긍정문으로 표현되는 경우를 주어의 의도 강조, 부정의 선택 적 변조 차원에서 관점의 변화, 그리고 어휘의 단순화로 나누어 분석하였다. 첫째, 주어 의 의도를 강조하기 위해 부정문이 긍정문으로 번역됨을 알 수 있었다. 이는 부정문에 내 재된 모호함을 제거하고 화자의 의도를 분명하게 강조하여 드러내기 위해 긍정으로 나 타낸 것이다. 이를 통해 메시지를 강조할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 부정의 선택 적 변조를 통해 달라진 관점의 변화로 메시지를 강조하여 전달할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 동일한 메시지의 효과적인 전달을 위해 부정문의 반의어를 사용하여 긍정문으로 형태에 변화를 주는 선택적 변조가 사용되었다. 이러한 주어를 바꾸는 선택적 변조를 통해 달라 진 관점의 변화를 반영하여 긍정으로 표현함으로써 메시지를 강조하여 전달할 수 있음 을 확인하였다. 셋째, 어휘의 단순화는 복잡한 부정표현 대신 짧고 단순한 어휘의 긍정표 현을 사용하여 의미적 등가를 이루는 것이다. 따라서 부정어가 삽입된 복잡한 원천텍스 트를 번역에서는 단순한 긍정 어휘인 한 단어로 집약하여 메시지를 분명하게 전달함으로써 한국어 화자에게 더욱 자연스러운 한편, 메시지를 강조하여 전달하기 위해 긍정문 으로 번역된 것이다. 다음으로 유의어를 사용해 긍정문으로 번역된 사례는 부정문을 수사의문문을 통해 긍정문으로 번역함으로써 비난이나 자조어린 감정 등의 암시적인 부정의 의미를 표면적 인 긍정문에 함축함과 동시에 메시지를 강조할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같이 부정문의 반의어와 유의어를 사용해 부정을 긍정으로 번역하는 선택적 변 조를 통해 도착어 독자의 빠른 이해를 돕고, 메시지를 강조하여 전달할 수 있음을 확인하 였다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the English-Korean translation phenomenon in which the English negative sentences including ‘no’, ‘not,’ and ‘never’ were translated into Korean positive sentences. The parallel sentences were extracted from both the English version and the translated Korean version of "The Catcher in the Rye", "The Kite Runner", "Life of Pi", and "River Boy". The translation of English negative sentences into Korean positive sentences was examined by dividing it into antonym and synonym. In the case of translation using antonym, the emphasis on the subject's intention, the change of perspective in terms of optional modulation of negatives, and the simplification of vocabulary were examined. First, it was found that the negative sentences were translated into positive sentences to emphasize the subject's intention. Second, through optional modulation of negation, the message can be emphasized by changing perspective. In order to effectively convey the same message, the form was changed to positives using the antonym of negative sentences through optional modulation. Third, the purpose of the simplification of vocabulary is to achieve semantic equivalence by using the short and simple positive expressions of vocabulary instead of complex negative expressions. Therefore, in Korean translation, the source text with the negator is aggregated into one simple positive word, and thereby the message is clearly expressed. Next, it was found that the message was emphasized by using the synonym of the negative sentence and making a positive rhetorical question. Through the rhetorical question, it was found that negative sentences could be translated into positive sentences to emphasize messages or contain negative meanings such as criticism or self-deprecation feelings in positive sentences. Therefore, these negative expressions are translated positively using antonym and synonym of negative sentences to help readers understand the text quickly by emphasizing the message.

The purpose of this study is to show the different usage of the verbs(or phrasal verb), watch, see, look at by the semantic categorization on their noun collocations. This study collects noun collocations of watch(24), see(761), look at(86) from the British National Corpus web and uses the Wmatrix programme to analyze the semantics of the verbs’ noun collocations. It is shown that, with regard to the number of the noun collocations, the verb, see, has the largest number of the noun collocations, which means the verb see has the most varying entities of ‘the act of viewing’. The semantic categories of the verb watch noun collocations are included in those of the verb look at, and the semantic categories of the verb look at noun collocations are included in those of the verb see

본고에서는 중국인 한국어 학습자가 한국어 유의어 쌍 ‘나다:나오다’의 의미를 구별하여 사 용할 수 있는 방법을 모색하고자 ‘나다:나오다’ 그리고 그와 대응되는 중국어 유의어 쌍 ‘出: 出來’의 의미 성분 분석 및 의미적 선호 분석을 진행하였다. 한국어교육학적인 유의어 개념에 기반해 ‘나다’와 ‘나오다’의 의미 중 ‘출현’의 의미를 가진 항목들을 선정하였다. 다음으로 의미 성분을 분석한 후 더 명확한 의미 차이를 밝히기 위해 말뭉치를 활용한 의미 선호 대조 분석 을 진행하였다. 동시에 대응되는 중국어 유의어 쌍 ‘出:出來’와의 대조를 통해 중국인 한국어 학습자가‘나다:나오다’의 의미 변별 시 겪는 어려움을 제시하였다. 3장의 의미 성분 분석 결과 사전에서는 ‘나오다’는 ‘出來’와 대역되고 있지만 ‘나다’와 의미가 더 비슷하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이러한 현상을 명확히 밝히기 위해 4장의 의미 선호 분석을 진행한 결과, ‘나다:出’과 ‘나오다:出來’의 대역 관계는 공기 명사의 의미에 따라서 달라지며 ‘出:出來’는 ‘나다:나오다’ 만큼 의미 차이가 명확하지 않다. 이에 중국인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 하는 유의어 교수· 학습 과정에서 ‘나다:나오다’는 제시하는 단계에서부터 유의하여 설명해야 하고 사전을 활용 한 의미 분석법 외에 모어인 중국어와의 대조, 말뭉치를 활용한 용례 검색 등의 방안을 제안 하였다.

This study argued a method for Chinese Korean learners to distinguish and use the meaning of the Korean synonym pair ‘나다:나오다’. The semantic component analysis and semantic preference analysis of the Chinese synonym pair ‘出:出來’ corresponding to ‘나다:나오다’ was conducted. Based on the concept of synonyms in Korean educational linguistics, items with the meaning of ‘appearance’ were selected among ‘나다’ and ‘나오다’. Then, after analyzing the semantic components, in order to show more clear meaning differences, a comparative analysis of semantic preference is made by using corpus. At the same time, the contrast with the corresponding Chinese synonym pair ‘出:出來’ experienced the difficulties that Chinese Korean learners face in differentiating the meaning of ‘나다:나오다’. As a result of the semantic component analysis in Chapter 3 showed that ‘나오다’ is a substitute for ‘出來’, but the meaning is more similar to ‘나다’. As a result of the four semantic preference analysis to clarify this phenomenon, the corresponding translation relations between ‘나다:出’ and ‘나오 다:出來’ depends on the class of meanings of co-occuring nouns and the semantic differences of ‘出:出來’ is not as clear as ‘나다:나오다’. Therefore, in the learning and teaching process of synonyms for Chinese Korean learners, ‘나다:나오다’ should be explained carefully from the stage of presentation, and sematic differential technique using a dictionary, there are other methods such as contrasting with native Chinese and searching for examples using a corpus.

이 연구는 개항 이후 나타난 근대 신어 중 유의어에 초점을 두고 그 변화 과정을 추적함으로써 근대 신어의 정착 혹은 소멸의 과정에서 나타난 어휘사적 사실들을 밝히는 데에 목적이 있다. 근대 신어의 유의관계는 여러 가지로 유형화할 수 있는데 본고에서는 전이어(轉移語)와 차용어(借用語), 그리고 중국계 차용어와 일본계 차용어의 유의관계를 집중적으로 살펴보았다. 전이어는 재래의 단어가 근대 신어로 의미 전이를 겪은 것으로, 본고에서는 고유어 전이어 ‘비누’와 차용어 ‘석감(石鹼)’의 유의관계, 그리고 한자어 전이어 ‘우산(雨傘)’과 차용어 ‘박쥐우산(蝙蝠傘)’의 유의관계에 대해 논의하였다. 또한 시계와 관련된 근대 신어들을 대상으로 ‘鐘’, ‘表ㆍ鏢’ 계열의 중국계 차용어와 ‘時計’ 계열의 일본계 차용어의 유의관계 변화 양상을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 󰡔한성순보󰡕를 비롯한 1880년대 자료들로부터 시작해 1950년대에 이르기까지의 신문 용례와 사전 기술 양상을 두루 살펴보았다.

This study aims to illustrate lexical phenomena that emerged in the process of settling or disappearing of modern Korean neologisms by analyzing the development of modern synonyms appearing after the opening of the port. Among the several types of synonyms, we discuss the synonymous relations between transitional words and borrowing words, and between Chinese loanwords and Japanese loanwords. Transitional words are the type of words that have only undergone semantic changes from the traditional meaning to modern meaning while maintaining their forms. This paper examines the synonymous relations between the native transitional word binu (soap) and the loanword seokgam (石鹼), and the Sino-Korean transitional word usan (umbrella) and the borrowed word bakjui-usan (蝙蝠傘). Moreover, we analyze the relationship between Chinese and Japanese loanwords referring to timepieces, which include jong(鐘) and pyo(票ㆍ鏢), and sigye(時計), respectively. For this purpose, the newspapers including Hanseongsunbo and the dictionaries published from the 1880s to the 1950s are examined.

Regarding the difference between synonyms KYOMI and KANSHIN, paying attention to the three points of generality, register distribution, and collocation characteristics, and based on examples that appear in the modern Japanese written word equilibrium corpus (BCCWJ) analyzed. First, the difference in the frequency of use of KYOMI (8,212, 54.8%) and KANSHIN (6,787, 45.2%) extracted from the BCCWJ interface SHONAGON is very weak, and it is remarkable in the degree of generality. There was no difference. On the other hand, in the register, KYOMI is often used mainly in everyday scenes and simple conversational forms, and is not often used in public scenes or revised sentences, whereas KANSHIN is public. There was a tendency that it was used in typical scenes and modified writing styles, but not used in everyday scenes and simple conversational forms. Conjunctive features focus on the semantic differences of co-activators in typical grammatical patterns of “KYOMI-verb” and “KANSHIN-verb”, and KYOMI is unrelated to the will of the subject. it was found that KANSHIN is a rational and willing psychology, while KYOMI is emotionally and accidentally intriguing.

In this paper, I describe the method of describing detailed usage rules of a word by using a corpus, which is a collection of usage conditions, by using the word comparison of synonym “TOKUCHO” and “TOKUSHOKU” as an example. In terms of the frequency of use, “TOKUCHO” was estimated from the comparison of numerical values of “TOKUSHOKU”. frequency information indicates the generality of expression. there is also an educational implication that not only linguistic meaning but also the priority of introduction in the monolingual teaching. In the case of register, the use of textbooks as “TOKUCHO” and “TOKUSHOKU” (“TOKUCHO” is frequently used in magazines, white papers, and published books) is also emphasized by using PMVs that exclude BCCWJ text composition ratios. Features “are used in science, mathematics, and other sciences, while” features “are used in social sciences such as society and geography. Finally, a typical grammatical pattern of “TOKUCHO” and “TOKUSHOKU” is extracted and the feature of the noun and verb in the top two “noun~TOKUCHO (TOKUSHOKU)” and “TOKUCHO(TOKUSHOKU)~verb” The semantic difference between the “point of view perceived by sensation” and “when value perception is superior” pointed out in the research were specifically compared and analyzed. in the future, I would like to talk about the CSJ survey and the comparison with the Korean language.

본고는 15세기 타동사 ‘숨다’의 통사․의미와 통시적 변화를 살피고 소멸 원인을 모색한다. 타동사 ‘숨다’는 ‘NP1이 NP2을 숨다’로 쓰인다. NP2에 ‘몸’이 올 경우 장소 명사구 ‘NP애’가 나타나기도 하는데, 20세기 전반에는 ‘NP으로’도 보인다. ‘숨다’의 의미는 [보이지 않음]과 [마주치지 않음]으로 설정하고, NP2를 각각 [몸], [사람], [날씨]로 나누어 세 개의 개별의미를 책정하였다. 이 중 [마주치지 않음]이라는 의미가 먼저 소멸한다. 타동사 ‘숨다’ 용법은 20세기 전반까지 보인다. 타동사 ‘숨다’의 소멸 원인으로 여러 가능성을 제시하고 그 중 유의어 ‘피ᄒᆞ다’가 타동사 ‘숨다’의 소멸에 가장 큰 요인으로 작용하였다고 주장하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the syntax and the meanings of the transitive verb sumda and its diachronic change. This paper addresses that the extinction of the transitive verb sumda has much to do with the synonym of pihada. The transitive verb sumda has the structure of ‘NP1-i NP2-eul sumda’, and when the NP2 is ‘body’, the place noun phrase ‘NP-ae’ may appear, as ‘NP-euro’ in the first half of the 20th century. It has the three meanings according to the NP2's theme noun, that is ‘body, person, weather’. The extinction of it occurs in order ‘weather’, ‘person’, ‘body’. It lasts until the first half of the 20th century. pihada is a synonym in the ‘person, weather’ with the transitive verb sumda in the 15th century. Also pihada diachronically expands meaning in the 18th century, it has the same meanings of the transitive verb sumda in the 15th century as a result, and lasts its meaning until the 20th century. So the transitive verb sumda goes out of existence owing to the synonym of pihada.

본고는 중세국어 이래 문헌에 등장하거나 현재 쓰이고 있는 ‘올케’ 관련 표현 및 어휘를 대상으로 그 어원, 의 미, 기능 그리고 형태 및 의미 변화 등의 문제를 종합적으로 고찰하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 여기서 대상으로 삼 은 표현 및 어휘는 ‘오라븨 겨집(>계집), 오라븨 안해, 오라븨 쳐’, ‘오러미, 올집어미, 올쳐, 올계, 올케, 올캐, 언니, 새언니, 올케언니, 오라범댁, 오라버니댁’ 등이다. ‘오라븨 겨집(>계집), 오라븨 안해, 오라븨 쳐’ 등은 ‘올케’에 대한 관계 지시 표현으로 본래 句이지 단어는 아 니다. 그러나 어느 시점에서 한 단어로 굳어진 것으로 추정된다. ‘오러미, 올집어미, 올쳐’는 근대국어 문헌에 보이는데, 당시의 방언이다. ‘오러미’는 ‘어미’에 접두사 ‘올-’이 결합된 어형으로 ‘母의 자격을 갖되 어리고 미 숙한 어미’ 정도로 해석된다. 그리고 ‘올집어미’와 ‘올쳐’는 각기 ‘집어미’와 ‘쳐(妻)’에 접두사 ‘올-’이 결합된 어 형으로 ‘아내이기는 하나 어리고 미숙한 아내’ 정도로 해석된다. ‘올케’는 19세기 말 문헌에 처음 보인다. ‘올케’의 어원은 분명하지 않으나 ‘오라븨계집’에서 줄어든 ‘올계’ 또는 ‘오라븨겨집’에서 줄어든 ‘올겨’에서 온 것일 가능성이 있다. ‘올계’는 ‘올켸’나 ‘올게’를 거쳐 ‘올케’로 변할 수 있고, ‘올겨’는 ‘올켜’나 ‘올게’를 거쳐 ‘올케’로 변할 수 있다. ‘올케’를 가리키는 ‘언니’는 1900년대 문헌에 처음 보인다. 이는 ‘오빠의 아내’에 대한 지칭과 호칭의 기능을 아 울러 갖는다. ‘새언니’는 갓 시집온 올케를 특별히 지시하기 위해, ‘올케언니’는 손위 올케를 대접하기 위해 새 롭게 만든 것이다. ‘새언니’는 1930년대 문헌에, ‘올케언니’는 1960년대 문헌에 처음 보인다. ‘오라범댁’과 ‘오라 버니댁’은 각기 ‘오라범’과 ‘오라버니’에 접미사 ‘-댁(宅)’이 결합된 어형이다. 이들은 20세기 이후 문헌에 나타 나며, 지금 ‘오빠의 아내’에 대한 지칭으로 쓰인다.

This thesis is to trace ‘올케’(a sister-in-law, who is a wife of brother)-related words, which appeared in the middle age literatures and are still used these days, to its etymology, meaning, form changes, and meaning changes. The ‘올케’-related words and expressions studied in this thesis are ‘오라븨 겨집(>계집), 오라븨 안해, 오라븨 쳐’, ‘오러미, 올집어미, 올쳐, 올계, 올캐, 올케, 언니, 새언니, 올케언니, 오 라범댁, 오라버니댁’. The words ‘오라븨 겨집(>계집), 오라븨 안해, and 오라븨 쳐’ were to express a relative demonstrative noun of ‘올케’, hence, they were not words but phrases originally. Then, it is assumed that the phrases were reduced into one word. The words ‘오러미, 올집어미, and 올쳐’ were found in modern Korean literatures and they were just dialects at those times. The word ‘오러미’ was a combination form of ‘어미’(mother) and ‘올-’, the prefix and it means ‘an immature mother who is qualified as a mother but young and inexperienced’. Each ‘올집어미’ and ‘올쳐’ is a mixed form of ‘집어미’(a housewife) and ‘쳐(妻)’(a wife) combined with ‘올-’, the prefix, and these titles are for calling ‘a wife who is young and inexperienced’. The word ‘올케’ was found at first in the late 19th century literatures. The etymology word of it is not clear but it is possible to assume that it was from ‘올계’ and ‘올겨’ each, which were reduced forms of ‘오라븨계 집’ or ‘오라븨겨집’. The word ‘올계’ became ‘올켸’ or ‘올게’, and then ‘올케’ finally, and the ‘올겨’ became ‘ 올켜’ or ‘올게’ and then ‘올케’ finally. The title ‘언니’, which is for calling ‘올케’ appeared at first in 1900s literatures. It is for calling and designating ‘a wife of brother’. The word ‘새언니’ is to refer to a sister-in-law, who is a newly married woman and ‘올케언니’ is to refer to a sister-in-law, who is elder and it represents a respect to her. The ‘새 언니’ appeared at first in the 1930s literatures and the ‘올케언니’ appeared at first in the 1960s literatures. Each word ‘오라범댁’ and ‘오라버니댁’ is a mixed form of ‘오라범’ or ‘오라버니’ and ‘-댁(宅)’(a wife of a person), the prefix. They appear in the literatures from the 20th century, and these titles are for calling ‘a wife of elder brother’ now.

In this paper, I analyzed the distinction of synonyms YATTO, YOYAKU, TSUINI, TOTO by using 󰡔NLB󰡕(NINJAL-LWP for BCCWJ), exclusive search system of BCCWJ, on the basis of language usage as follows. (1)In terms of frequency of use, It is used more often in the order of YOYAKU(5,790)＞YATTO(5,524)＞TSUINI(5,297)＞TOTO(1,953). It can be said that YATTO, YOYAKU, TSUINI are used more frequently than TOTO. But It is difficult to discuss the distinction of the above four adverbs in terms of generality of expression. (2)In terms of text, YATTO is overwhelmingly used much in web (Yahoo blog or CHIEBUKURO), in conversation. YOYAKU and TSUINI are also used much in web, but also used much in literary style such as poetry. TOTO has colloquial style even though week by comparison with YATTO. (3)In terms of context, for each adverb, collocation lists of Japanese verbs are extracted as follows.

Paraphrasing has been employed as a useful exercise to enhance the interpretation competence for a long time. Its effect in advancing the interpretation skills has also been proven by a number of researches (Russo, 2011). This paper attempts to find out the relationships between paraphrasing and interpreting from the psycholinguistic and computational linguistic researches and set up an educational model with it. Firstly, interpreting as well as paraphrasing makes use of similar strategies, such as substitution, the reordering of information, etc. Secondly, the substitution of synonyms is essential for both actions. Retrieving synonyms, one of the paradigmatic responses in word association tests, has been regarded as important evidence for a well-developed competence in a language. Thirdly, it is possible that a connection with more than one expression can neutralize the linguistic form of a concept -- or "message" as Seleskovitch (1978) calls it -- and make it non-verbal. Excellency in paraphrasing, therefore, can be considered as a competence to build a “message”, which is necessary for high-quality interpreting. On the grounds of those findings, the teaching methods using paraphrasing have been developed.

20세기 전반기에 쓰이던 1만 종 이상의 ‘2음절 한자어+하다’ 용언 중 30% 이상은 현재 쓰이지 않는다. 이 연구는 이들 용언의 소멸 원인을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 하며 이를 위해 잡지 『삼천리(1929～1942)』에 쓰인 용례를 분석하여 오늘날의 쓰임과 비교해 보았다. 20세기 전반기의 공시태에서 고빈도로 쓰이던 ‘2음절 한자어+하다’ 용언들은 대체로 오늘날까지도 그 쓰임을 유지하고 있었다. ‘2음절 한자어+하다’ 용언의 소멸 원인은 유의어 간의 경쟁,한문 문법의 영향 감소, 1음절 단위의 통사적 결합형에서 2음절 명사로의 어휘화, ‘-되-’, ‘-스럽-’ 등 기타 접미사들의 세력 확장 등과 밀접한 관련이 있었던 것으로 보인다.

This paper analyzed the types of XX-hada verbs which came to be dropped out of use during the twentieth century. XX-hada verbs consist of two syllable Sino-Korean base XX and suffix -hada. We analyzed more than 10,000 types of XX-hada verbs used in Samcheolli Corpus containing magazine articles from 1929 to 1942 and found out that at least 30% of them came into disuse. We examined those disappeared verbs according to two perspectives: competition between synonyms and shifts of word base or suffix. There were two types of synonymic XX-hada verb pairs. The one shares one element of the base construction and the other consists of the same constituent but reversed order. Through the synonymic rivalry, the words in lower frequency tended to disappear. The changes of the word base or suffix is thought to be affected by the lexicalization of the two syllable nouns.

This paper aims to describe words similarity with intuition, objectivity, and measuring possibility.Measuring the words similarity have importance in that it gives us the standard with clearness. With the similarity standard we can decide which words could be called the ‘similar word’.But if we do not consider word's meaning in measuring the words similarity the result often does not comply with our intuition and not acceptable. So the measuring way should contain human intention which tells two words meaning are very close.To get the intention, dictionary's description were used. Because dictionaries are written by many experts in linguistics with accumulated efforts, we can regard it have proper description about words real meaning. So generally the descriptions comply with our intention. Descriptions were separated with words, and high frequency words were excluded. The result gives the words real meaning in forms of ‘word’.In addition to that, only the expressions which more than 2 dictionaries used are chosen. One dictionary some times can use unappropriated expressions, but if two or more dictionaries used the same expression, we can put higher trust on that expression. Consequently we get the objectivity.Finally when we use above results, we can draw its connection paths and calculate its similarity. When the two words are similar, they will have same expressions which tells its meaning. The same expressions, in other words ‘properties’ let the two words have connection path. And with this path, we clearly know they have similarity.When connection paths were drawn to all the words, the similarity can be counted. If two words have connection path directly we can say their similarity is 1st level, and if they are connected via another word we can say their similarity is 2nd level. In this way words similarity can be counted.And this paper designed the auto level-tracking program. It calculates the similarity level of two words. If there are some complements, the full process could be done automatically without human labor.

This study aims to explore usage differences among near-synonym verbs based on COHA and GloWbE through a diachronic and synchronic trend analysis and differentiate the subtle semantic similarities and differences in the authentic usage of COCA through two analysis tools like Wmatrix 5 and NetMiner 4.0. The former shows that the overall frequency of catch is higher than that of grasp and seize from both a diachronic and synchronic perspective, and that the frequency of all three near-synonym verbs could be higher in some countries using English as their second language. The latter mainly deals with two options like semantic domains shared with all near-synonym verbs and semantic domains exclusively shared with each near-synonym verb. The results shed light on the subtle semantic similarities and differences among three near-synonym verbs according to shared or unshared relationship with the noun collocates of the corresponding semantic domains, despite a gap in the frequency size of them.

우리의 기억은 실제적인 지각과 경험에 의해서는 물론, 사고, 꿈, 그리고 상상과 같은 정신적인 조작들을 통해서도 형성된다. 사건들에 대한 이러한 내적 생성(generation)은 종종 기억을 향상시킨다. 본 연구는 의미론적 생성 가설(semantic generation hypothesis)을 토대로 발견법을 사용하여 1, 3, 5학년 아동 99명에게 반의어와 유의어로서 생성조건을 제시하여 생성조건에 따른 기억수행의 발달적 차이를 보았다. 각 아동은 컴퓨터를 통해서 20개의 단어를 각각 12초간 자동 제시받았으며, 이에 대해 반의어 생성집단에서는 단어가 제시될 때 마다 각 단어를 소리 내어 읽고 반의어를 생성하여 말하였고, 유의어 생성집단에서는 같은 방법으로 제시된 단어에 대해 유의어를 생성하여 말하였다. 그리고 통제집단 아동들은 단어가 제시되는 동안 단어들을 단순히 소리 내서 읽었다. 이후 30초간 완충과제를 한 후 바로 자유회상검사를 하였다. 연구 결과, 통제집단보다 생성집단에서 기억수행이 높아 생성효과가 나타났으며, 생성조건에 따라서는 1학년 아동의 경우 반의어를 통한 생성효과가, 그리고 5학년 아동에게는 유의어를 통한 생성효과가 유의하게 높았다. 이는 아동의 언어와 인지적 구조화의 발달과정으로 설명되었다.

This study examined the effects of antonym and synonym generation on memory performance of elementary school student. The subjects were first- third- and fifth grade elementary school children. Each subject was shown visually a list of 20 words for 12 second per word via computer. For the antonym generation condition, subjects read aloud target words and generated antonym related target words. For the synonym generation condition, subjects generated synonym and other procedure was identical to those given in antonym generation condition. For the control condition, subjects merely read aloud target words. And then after subjects spent 30 seconds solving digit symbol, they were required to recall target words. Results showed that generation effect increased with grade, and antonym generation was the most useful in the first grade children and synonym generation was supreme effect in the fifth grade children. These results were interpreted in terms of semantic organization.

서로 유사한 의미를 가진 동사 어휘의 집합을 동사 유의어군이라고 한다. 동사 유의어의수는 많지만 본고에서 사용 오류 빈도가 높은 ‘改正，纠正’와 ‘更正’을 선정하였다. ‘改正，纠正’와 ‘更正’의 사전적 의미는 모두 ‘잘못을 고치다’. ‘개정하다’이다. 서로 유의 관계를 이루는 의미를 순환적으로 풀이해서 효과적인 의미 변별을 할 수 없기 때문에, 한국인학습자는 ‘改正，纠正’와 ‘更正’을 서로 교체하여 사용할 수 있는 단어로 생각하여 오류를 자주범하다. 그런 의미에서 ‘改正，纠正’와 ‘更正’ 세 단어를 의미, 통사, 화용 등 기능과 용법에서좀 더 세부적으로 변별할 필요가 있다. 본 논문의 연구 방법은 말뭉치 자료 분석법 및 대조 분석법을 사용하여 ‘改正，纠正’와 ‘更 正’의 차이점에 대해 고찰하여 의미적, 통사적, 화용적 차이로 나눠 논의하였다. 분석에는 중국 북경대학교 중국 언어학 연구센터에서 제공하는 CCL 현대 중국어 말뭉치에서 추출한 예문을 사용하였다. 본 논문의 연구 목적은 동사 유의어의 비교를 통해 사전의 뜻풀이에 대한개념을 재정립하고, 이를 통해 동사 유의어군을 이루는 ‘改正，纠正’와 ‘更正’각 단어의 어휘정보를 분석하여 유의어 변별의 근거를 마련하는데 있다. 본 논문은 총 세장으로 구성되었고 관련 말뭉치 자료를 분석, 통계, 비교 및 귀납한 후, ‘改 正，纠正’와 ‘更正’ 서로의 차이점을 정확하게 규정 및 제시하였다. 중국어 동사 유의어의 비교연구에 기여하고 이 논문의 연구 성과가 외국어로서의 중국어교육 분야에 적극적으로 활용될 수 있고 한국에 있는 중국어 학습자의 유의어 학습에 도움이 되기에 기대한다.

The near-synonym verbs ‘gaizheng, jiuzheng’ and ‘gengzheng’ share common grounds in terms of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic meanings and there are impacts among each other due to bilateral interactions. This study aims to discuss the similarities and differences among the near-synonym verbs ‘gaizheng, jiuzheng’ and ‘gengzheng’ , and expects to figure out the usages of these three verbs, further applying them to the future teachings. This study explores the differences with respect to semantic similarities, syntactic features and differences and pragmatics of ‘gaizheng, jiuzheng’ and ‘gengzheng’ by the application of Documentary Analysis and Comparative Approach. It firstly discussed the arguments with respect to syntax, semantics and pragmatics of these three verbs provided by different scholars. And sorted out the data from the Center for Chinese Linguistics PKU corpus ; further probed into the similarities and differences among the said verbs by approaches like statistics, induction and comparison. Finally the research came to the descriptions of the semantic similarities, syntactic properties and differences and pragmatics among these three verbs. The research results provided expect to supply references for Chinese near-synonym verbs teachings and learning.

In this paper, I analyzed the method of synonymous description focused on conceptual meaning, sociocultural meaning and register of personal noun in example of TOSHIYORI, ROJIN/ JUMIN, JUNIN. it can be summarized, as shown as follows. (1)TOSHIYORI means elderly people, they are also ＜sickly object of sympathy＞and ＜ignorant, stubborn and useless existence＞. (2)ROJIN means an older person, he is also ＜weak and lonely object of sympathy＞ and ＜affluent and happy being＞. (3)JUMIN means people living in a large area such as ~district, castle, town, island, city, ~coast, ~province, they are also＜victims＞in war and disaster, accident, national destruction and poor living environment. (4)JUNIN means a person living in a narrow area such as house, apartment, mansion, inn, room, street, town, city, area. (5)TOSHIYORI, ROJIN are characteristic of public use. ROJIN is noticeable in law, publicity paper, white paper and TOSHIYORI is in publicity. JUMIN is characterized by its use in public documents and scenes such as the minutes of the National Assembly, publicity paper, and white paper and JUNIN in everyday documents and scenes such as books, magazines, and Yahoo. Studies that reveal the values ​​of language society are meaningful work in sociology as well as linguistics. This paper attempts to present a method for empirically analyzing the tendency of social values ​​reflected in language use. In addition to expanding the survey scope of synonyms, I would like to make comparison of values ​​through comparative studies with Korean as future tasks.

人を表す名詞の概念的意味と社会文化的意味、使用領域を中心にコーパスを利用した類義語の記述の方法について、「年より」「老人」/「住民」「住人」を例に論じた。本稿の調査で次のようなことが明らかになった。 (1) 「年寄り」は＜年をとった階層＞を意味し、＜病弱な同情の対象＞であると同時に＜無知で頑固な役に立たない存在＞でもある。 (2) 「老人」は＜年をとった個人＞を意味し、＜病弱で孤独な同情の対象＞でありながら、一方では ＜豊かで幸福な存在＞でもある。 (3) 「住民」は「~地区、城、村、島、年、~沿岸、~地方などの＜広い地域に住む人々＞であり、戦争、災難災害、事件事故、環境破壊や劣悪な生活環境に置かれた＜被害者＞である。 (4) 「住人」は「家、集合建物、部屋、街」などの＜狭い土地や建物に住む人々＞を意味する。「村、~地域」などは「住民」と共有する。 (5) 「老人」「年寄り」は、共に公的な使用が特徴的である。「老人」は、法律・広報紙・白書などで、「年寄り」は広報紙での使用が目立つ。「住民」は、国会会議録・広報紙・白書などの公的文章での使用、「住人」は、一般書籍・雑誌・ヤフーなどの日常的な文章や場面での使用が特徴的である。 言語社会の価値観を分析する研究は、言語学のみならず社会学でも意味深い作業である。本稿は言語使用に反映された社会的価値観の傾向を実証的に分析する方法を提示しようと試みたが、類義語の調査範囲を拡大する作業と共に韓国語との対照研究を通じた価値観の比較を今後の課題としたい。