Earticle

다수의 자동 운반 차량(AGV)을 운용하는 시스템에서는 AGV 간의 충돌, 교착 상태 발생, 그리 고 비효율적인 대기 시간 증가로 인해 전체 시스템의 효율성이 저하되는 문제가 빈번하게 발생한 다. 본 논문은 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 연속적인 공간으로 모델링된 공장 환경에서 100대의 AGV가 상호 협력을 통해 최적의 경로를 계획하도록 하는 PPO(Proximal Policy Optimization) 기 반 분산 강화학습 모델의 실험 설계를 제안한다. 제안하는 설계는 시뮬레이션 환경 구성, 개별 AGV 에이전트 모델링, 보상 함수 체계, 그리고 학습 구조를 체계적으로 정의함으로써, AGV 간의 충돌을 회피하고 교착 상태를 방지하며 이동 경로상의 비효율을 최소화하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이 설계를 통해 대규모 다중 AGV 시스템의 운영 안전성과 효율성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

본고는 15세기 타동사 ‘숨다’의 통사․의미와 통시적 변화를 살피고 소멸 원인을 모색한다. 타동사 ‘숨다’는 ‘NP1이 NP2을 숨다’로 쓰인다. NP2에 ‘몸’이 올 경우 장소 명사구 ‘NP애’가 나타나기도 하는데, 20세기 전반에는 ‘NP으로’도 보인다. ‘숨다’의 의미는 [보이지 않음]과 [마주치지 않음]으로 설정하고, NP2를 각각 [몸], [사람], [날씨]로 나누어 세 개의 개별의미를 책정하였다. 이 중 [마주치지 않음]이라는 의미가 먼저 소멸한다. 타동사 ‘숨다’ 용법은 20세기 전반까지 보인다. 타동사 ‘숨다’의 소멸 원인으로 여러 가능성을 제시하고 그 중 유의어 ‘피ᄒᆞ다’가 타동사 ‘숨다’의 소멸에 가장 큰 요인으로 작용하였다고 주장하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the syntax and the meanings of the transitive verb sumda and its diachronic change. This paper addresses that the extinction of the transitive verb sumda has much to do with the synonym of pihada. The transitive verb sumda has the structure of ‘NP1-i NP2-eul sumda’, and when the NP2 is ‘body’, the place noun phrase ‘NP-ae’ may appear, as ‘NP-euro’ in the first half of the 20th century. It has the three meanings according to the NP2's theme noun, that is ‘body, person, weather’. The extinction of it occurs in order ‘weather’, ‘person’, ‘body’. It lasts until the first half of the 20th century. pihada is a synonym in the ‘person, weather’ with the transitive verb sumda in the 15th century. Also pihada diachronically expands meaning in the 18th century, it has the same meanings of the transitive verb sumda in the 15th century as a result, and lasts its meaning until the 20th century. So the transitive verb sumda goes out of existence owing to the synonym of pihada.

본 연구는 보육교사의 전문성 발달 수준에 대한 기초 연구로 보육교사의 개인적 변인인 연령, 학력 및 전공, 자격유형, 과거 직업유형에 따른 교사집단이 보육시설 유형, 담당학급, 교직경력에 따라 어떠한 특성을 가지는지 알아보고, 개인적 변인에 따른 보육교사의 전문성 발달 수준이 어떠한지 알아보고자 한다. 연구대상은 서울, 경기지역에 근무하는 보육교사 1,073명으로 질문지를 통해 이루어졌고, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 12.0 프로그램을 이용하여 카이검증과 일원변량분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구결과 보육교사의 개인적 변인은 보육시설 유형, 담당학급, 교직경력과 상관이 있었으며 보육교사의 전문성 발달 수준은 개인적 변인 중에서 연령을 제외한 학력 및 전공, 자격유형, 과거 직업유형에 따라 집단간 유의한 차이가 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to search the child care teachers' professional developmental levels and the characteristic of a type of child care teachers' internal background. The study participants were 1073 child care teachers in child care center in Seoul and Kyung gi areas. The results of this study reveal that the characteristic of a type of child care teachers' internal background has significant relationship with teachers' external background. Also there is a significant relationship the child care teachers' professional developmental levels with teachers' internal background except age.

본 연구는 유아교사의 전문성을 확립하기 위한 지식기반의 일환으로 유아교사의 과학 교과교육학지식을 측정할 수 있는 측정도구의 문항을 구성하고, 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하였다. 측정도구를 개발하기 위해, 관련문헌을 기초로 유아교사의 과학교과교육학 지식의 하위 범주를 5개영역으로 나누고, 각 하위 범주의 문항을 개발하였다. 개발된 측정도구의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하기 위해 1차 연구에서 308명의 유아교사, 2차 연구에서 502명의 유아교사를 대상으로 연구를 실시하였다. 연구결과 유아교사의 과학교과교육학지식 측정도구는 교육과정에 대한 지식, 학습자에 대한 지식, 교수학습방법에 대한 지식, 교과내용에 대한 지식, 교사의 전문성에 대한 지식의 5개영역 46문항으로 구성되었으며, 개발된 측정도구의 신뢰도는 0.958로 매우 높고, 유아교사의 과학 교과교육학지식을 측정하기에 적절한 도구임이 밝혀졌다.

The purpose of this study is to search the essence and factors of the kindergarten teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) in science teaching and to develop the assessment tools of kindergarten teachers' PCK in science teaching. The questions of this study are as follows. 1. How are items of developed assessment tools constructed? 2. Are the assessment tools reliable? 3. Are the assessment tools valid? Firstly, based on the reviews of relevant literatures, pre-research was carried out to search for the essence and factors of the kindergarten teachers' PCK in science teaching, followed by development of the appropriate items for each factors. Among the developed fifty items in five factors, forty four items in were selected after content validity assessment. Secondly, as the first research, the questionnaire survey that was developed by the pre-research was conducted with 308 inservice kindergarten teachers. The reliability of each factor in the items of the initial development has been analysed by Cronbach α and the Item-Scale Score Correlation. Factor analysis for construct validity has also been carried out. Following the second request of content validity after correcting the procedure based on the first research, forty eight items in five factors have been confirmed for reconstructing the questionnaire. Thirdly, the questionnaire survey that was reconstructed by the first research, has been conducted with 502 inservice kindergarten teachers for the second research. Following the request of construct validity for the reliability verification and confirmative factor analysis, forty six items in five factors were eventually developed and confirmed for the final questionnaire. Finally, for the verification of the forty six items in five factors of the final assessment tools that were development through the first and second research, reliability and construct validity have been examined. It is concluded that the kindergarten teachers' PCK in science teaching consists of five factors: teacher's knowledge of curriculum, teacher's knowledge of students, teacher's knowledge of instruction, teacher's knowledge of contents, and teacher's knowledge of professionalism. Those five factors are in high correlations between each other. Secondly, the assessment tools developed by the research is highly reliable and thus is suitable for assessing kindergarten teachers' PCK in science teaching.

In this study, fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) were extracted with water, 70% and 100% ethanol, respectively. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and ascorbic acid, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of these extracts were measured. With respect to the polyphenol compound content, both fingerroot and ginger extract showed the highest in 70% ethanol extract, and the fingerroot extract showed a generally higher content than the ginger extract. The content of flavonoids, fingerroot and ginger extracts showed values of 1,247.14~1,259.93 ㎍%, and there was no big difference between extracts. The content of ascorbic acid was the highest in 100% ethanol extract in both fingerroot and ginger. Fingerroot extract was slightly higher than ginger extract in all extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of fingerroot and ginger extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity in 100% ethanol extract, and fingerroot showed a slightly higher activity than ginger. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was high in 70% and 100% ethanol extracts of both fingerroot and ginger. In the activity between fingerroot and ginger extracts, ginger was higher in water extract and fingerroot was slightly higher in ethanol extract. Fingerroot and ginger extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the various aspects of logico-mathematical thinking and its development by observing a block building activity undertaken by infants and toddlers. The subjects comprised 73 young children from between the ages of 12- to 41-months-old. The interviewee was individually asked to build "something tall", making use of 20 blocks. The results of this study were, first, a regular increase by age is seen in congruence, the vertical use of flat blocks, and innovative ways of using triangular blocks. Second, many types of logico-mathematical thinking processes, such as classification, seriation, spatial relationship and temporal relationship, were shown during the block building activities on the part of the 12- to 41-months-olds who took part in this study.

This paper presents a wide dynamic range complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor with column capacitor and feedback structure. The designed circuit has been fabricated by using $0.18{\mu}m$ 1-poly 6-metal standard CMOS technology. This sensor has dual mode operation using combination of active pixel sensor (APS) and passive pixel sensor (PPS) structure. The proposed pixel operates in the APS mode for high-sensitivity in normal light intensity, while it operates in the PPS mode for low-sensitivity in high light intensity. The proposed PPS structure is consisted of a conventional PPS with column capacitor and feedback structure. The capacitance of column capacitor is changed by controlling the reference voltage using feedback structure. By using the proposed structure, it is possible to store more electric charge, which results in a wider dynamic range. The simulation and measurement results demonstrate wide dynamic range feature of the proposed PPS.

본 연구의 목적은 미국의 0~만 2세 영아와 만 3~4/5세 유아의 조기학습기준의 분석으로 살펴본 교육적 시사점을 통하여 한국의 자연탐구영역의 영아와 유아교육과정의 연계 방향을 모색하는 것이다. 자료수집은 미국의 각 주별 조기학습기준 중 0~만 2세와 만 3~4/5세로 연령이 분리된 12개주와 연령구분을 별도로 하지 않고 0~만 4/5세로 연령연계의 틀로 구성된 주 5개주이다. 연구문제에 따른 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 0~만 4/5세로 연령이 연계된 5개 주의 조기학습기준의 자연탐구영역과 관련된 내용 영역은 모든 주에서 수학과 과학에 포함되고 인지발달과 추론에 일부 포함되었다. 그러나 0~만 2세와 만 3-4/5세로 연령이 분리된 12개 주의 경우는 0~만 2세는 인지발달이 포함되고 있지만 만 3~4/5세는 수학과 과학이 포함되어 있었다. 둘째, 0~만 2세의 10개 주의 조기학습기준의 자연탐구영역과 관련된 인지발달의 12개 하위 내용 중 개념발달과 기억, 문제해결, 탐색과 발견의 순으로 많이 포함되어 있었다. 셋째, 0~만 4/5세로 연령이 연계된 5개 주의 조기학습기준의 자연탐구영역과 관련된 내용 영역은 과학적 사고, 생물, 물리, 지구와 우주가 많이 포함되어 있었다. 그러나 연령이 분리된 12개주의 자연탐구영역의 관련 내용 영역은 0~만 2세는 2개주에서 생물, 물리, 지구와 우주가 모두 포함되어 있었다. 넷째, 연령이 연계된 주의 수학 영역의 내용은 수와 연산, 측정, 기하와 공간이 많이 포함되어 있었다. 연령이 분리된 주의 경우는 0~만 2세는 수와 연산, 기하와 공간이 모두 포함되어 있었고 만 3~4/5세는 수와 연산, 기하와 공간, 측정이 모두 포함되어 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 교육과정 개발 시 영아와 유아를 대상으로 발달 측면과 교과 측면의 연계성에 대한 검토가 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

The objective of this study was to plan a direction for the connection of the area of inquiry in daily life between infants and young children in Korea based on the analysis of the early learning standards for infants aged 0~2, and young children aged 3~4/5 in 17 different states in America. The problem of the study is as follows: What is the content area of cognitive development, science and mathematics of early learning standards regarding age? The data used in this study was collected from a total of 17 states in America in which 12 states classify infants and young children as aged 0~2 and 3~4/5 respectively and 5 states do not classify the age groups. The results obtained from the analysis of the given issues are as follows. First, in the case of the five states that showed the group aged 0~4/5, the contents related to the area of inquiry in daily life of the early learning standards were included in the mathematics and science and a part of these contents were also included in cognitive developments. In the case of the 12 states that classified the groups aged 0~2 and 3~4/5 respectively, the group aged 0~2 included cognitive developments and the group aged 3~4/5 includes mathematics and science. Second, the contents related to the area of inquiry in daily life of the early learning standards in the five states that showed the single group aged 0~4/5 include the contents in order of scientific idea, biology, physics, and the earth and space. In the 12 states that classify different age groups. Third, in the case of the states that separate age groups, the group aged 0~2 include the contents of number and operation, geometry and space while the group aged 3~4/5 include the contents of number and operations, geometry and space, and measurement. The implications of this study was that it is necessary to take into account the linking between development and characteristics of the subjects.

This study examined concept development in children in terms of sound propagation. The subjects consisted of 240 five-, seven-, and ten-year-old children from three kindergartens and two primary schools respectively. The instrument used for the purposes of this study was the examination instrument on sound as developed by the SPACE Project in the UK. The concepts related to sound were classified into five stages including : no recognition, egocentric concept, initial mental models, synthetic mental models, and scientific mental models. The results revealed the existence of significant differences in terms of the types of concept that children were aware of, according to age and context. Most five-, seven-, and ten-year-old children revealed egocentric concepts related to every sounds, drum, rubber band context, however, most five-, seven-, and ten-year-old children revealed their recognition of the synthetic models of sound propagation when using the string telephone context. These results have implications for the contents of science education for children when it comes to the development of concepts related to sound propagation.

This study examines the scientific concept development of young children in terms of the day-night cycle. The subjects consisted of 180 three-, four-, and five-year-old children from two kindergartens and one children's center located in Seoul and Jeju. Individual interviews were conducted to collect verbal and pictorial responses on the day-night cycle. The scientific concepts on the day-night cycle are classified five stages including : no recognition, egocentric concept, initial mental models, synthetic mental models, and scientific mental models. Using two-way ANOVA, scores for the types of concept on the day-night cycles were then analyzed according to both the ages and genders of the children. The results reveal the existence of significant differences in terms of the types of concept of young children according to age. Most three-year-olds children had no recognition. Most three, four, and five-year-old children revealed egocentric concepts. Four-year-old children revealed that were in the initial stages of experiencing the mental models and synthetic mental models of the day-night cycle. Five-year-old children revealed that they were in the early stages of experiencing the initial, synthetic, scientific mental models of the day-night cycle. The results suggest appropriate ways of science education for young children based on the development of scientific concepts of the day-night cycle.

목적: 외측 반월상 연골 파열 봉합 후 추적 검사 방법으로서의 초음파 검사의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 슬관절 외측 반월상 연골 파열 중 변연부 파열이 있어 봉합술을 시행했던 경우 중 1년 이상(1~2.5년) 추시가 가능하였던 14예를 대상으로 하였다. 남성 10예, 여성 4예 이었으며, 평균나이는 36.1세(19~53세)이었다. 수술 후 6주, 3개월, 6개월, 1년에 외래에 방문하여 수술한 슬관절에 대한 신체 검사와 초음파를 시행하였다. 초음파 검사와 임상적 치유 상태가 일치하는 정도를 보았다. 결과: 3예에서 추시 기간 중 초기인 6주, 3개월에 신체 검사 상 관절선 압통이나 부종 등이 있었으나 이후 추시에서는 사라졌고, 모든 추시 기간 실시한 초음파 검사에서는 전례에서 봉합부위가 치유된 것을 볼 수 있었다. 결론: 외측 반월상 연골 변연부 파열 봉합술 후 초음파 검사는 치유 상태를 판단함에 있어 비용과 편의성에 있어 유용한 검사라고 생각된다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate usefulness of ultrasonography for the follow up of the repair of peripheral lateral meniscal tear compared to MRI. Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients who underwent repair of peripheral lateral meniscus tear were followed for at least 1 year (1 to 2.5 years). Ten cases were male, four cases were women, and average age was 36.1 years (19~53 years). After surgery ultrasonography and physical were performed at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year. Results: Three cases had joint line tenderness or swelling on physical examination until 3 months, but after then, it disappeared. There is no re-tear in ultrasonograhic examination. Conclusion: The ultrasonography was useful for the follow-up study of the peripheral lateral meniscus tear.

목적: Rosenberg view상의 내측 관절 간격의 협소화가 내측 반월상 연골의 탈출에 미치는 상관 관계를 조사하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2009년 1월에서 2010년 5월까지 내측 관절면의 압통이 있어 초음파 검사를 시행한 390예의 슬관절을 대상으로 하였다. Rosenberg view상의 내측 관절 간격은 1 mm간격 차이로 1등급에서(4 mm 이상) 5등급(0~1 mm)까지 구분하였고, 초음파로 내측 반월상 연골 중간 내측(mid-medial)의 탈출 정도를 측정하였다. 경골부의 내측 관절면에 3 mm 이상의 큰 골극이 없는 군을 A군, 있는 군을 B군으로 나누었고 각 군에서의 관절 간격과 초음파상 탈출 정도를 비교 분석하였다. 통계학적 검정은 SAS 를 이용하여 One-way ANOVA & Scheffe test를 시행하였다(P<0.05). 결과: A군에서는 관절 간격의 등급과 초음파상 탈출 정도가 양의 상관 관계를 보였으나, B군에서는 상관 관계는 관찰되지 않았다(P<0.05). 결론: 골관절염이 진행되지 않은 큰 골극이 없는 슬관절에서 Rosenberg view상의 내측 관절 간격은 내측 반월상 연골의 중간 내측 부분의 탈출 정도의 예측 인자라고 생각된다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between medial joint space on Rosenberg view and the degree of ultrasonographic medial meniscal extrusion. Materials and Methods: Three hundred ninety knees with medial joint tenderness examined by ultrasonography were reviewed between January 2009 and May 2010. Medial joint space was divided into Grade I (${\geq}$ 4 mm), Grade II (3~4 mm), Grade III (2~3 mm), Grade IV (1~2 mm) and Grade V (0~1 mm). Then sonographaphic mid-medial extrusion of the medial meniscus was measured in each patient. After dividing into Group A that didn't have large osteophytes (${\geq}$ 3 mm, medial joint at tibia) and Group B that had them, the correlation between the medial joint space and medial meniscal extrusion were analyzed in each group. One-way ANOVA & Scheffe test on the SAS program were used for the statistical analysis (p<0.05). Results: There was a positive correlation between grade of the joint space and medial meniscal extrusion in Group A, but there was no positive correlation in Group B (p<0.05). Conclusion: To the patients who didn't have advanced osteoarthritis, the narrowing of the medial joint space was one of the predictive factors for mid-medial extrusion of the medial meniscus.

본 연구에서는 현재 국내에서 소비가 낮고 그 활용에 대한 연구 개발 단계인 톳의 소비량을 증가시키기 위하여 톳 분말 첨가 쿠키를 개발하고자 하였으며, 소비자의 기호도를 만족시키는 최적의 톳 분말, 버터, 설탕의 양을 찾기 위하여 반응표면분석을 실시하였다. 1. 톳 분말, 버터, 설탕의 양을 달리한 16개의 실험군에 대한 관능검사 결과에 대하여 반응표면분석을 한 결과 바삭거리는 정도, 딱딱한 정도, 전반적인 수응도에서 회귀식이 유의적(p<0.01)인 것으로 나타났다. 2. 6개의 반응변수들의 관능점수를 동시에 목표값 7점에 가장 근접하게 만족시키는 최적 조건은 밀가루 200 g에 대하여, 톳 분말은 6.00 g(코드값 0.0), 버터 100.00 g (코드값 0.0), 설탕 70.00 g(코드값 0.0)이였다. 3. 최적치로 제시된 분량의 톳 분말, 버터, 설탕을 첨가한 쿠키에 대하여 소비자 기호도 조사를 실시하였으며, 그 결과 전반적인 수응도가 7.21/9.00점으로 높게 나타났다. 성별에 따른 차이에서 쿠키의 향에 대한 기호도가 남자보다 여자가 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높았으며 색, 질감, 맛, 전반적인 기호도등 다른 관능 특성에 대한 기호도 점수도 여자가 남자보다 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 연령에 따른 차이에서 질감에 대한 기호도는 29세 이하보다 30세 이상이 관능점수가 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높게 나타났으며, 색, 외관, 맛, 바삭거리는 정도, 딱딱한 정도에서도 30세 이상이 더 높은 기호도를 보였으나 유의적인차이는 없었다. 4. 대조군과 최적 톳 분말 첨가 쿠키의 물리적인 특성을 비교한 결과, 퍼짐성과 경도는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 최적 톳 분말 첨가 쿠키의 명도와 적색도는 대조군보다 유의적(p<0.01)으로 낮았고, 황색도는 유의적(p<0.01)으로 높게 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과 최적 혼합비율로 톳 쿠키를 제조하여 대중화함으로써 해조류를 이용한 다양한 제품 개발이 가능 할 것으로 기대된다.

This study was performed to determine the optimal manufacturing conditions of cookies prepared with Hizikia fusiformis. The variables in Hizikia fusiformis cookies production were the amounts of Hizikia fusiformis powder, butter, and sugar. Six sensory characteristics were used for sensory evaluations, including color, appearance, taste, brittleness, hardness, and overall acceptability. The optimal amounts of the three variables were found to be 6.00 g for Hizikia fusiformis powder, 100.00 g for butter, and 70.00 g for sugar against flour powder 200 g, which satisfies a target sensory score (7.0/9.0) according to the response surface method. Cookies with these optimal amounts of Hizikia fusiformis powder, butter, and sugar were tasted by 114 consumers and showed a high acceptability score (7.21). Females preferred the flavor of Hizikia fusiformis significantly more than males did (p<0.05). Older consumers (${\geq}30$ years old) scored significantly higher than younger consumers (${\leq}29$ years old) in texture (p<0.05). Spread ratio and hardness scores of Hizikia fusiformis cookies were lower than those of control cookies. Color analysis results of Hizikia fusiformis cookies were significantly lower in brightness and redness, and higher in yellowness than control cookies (p<0.01).

To optimize the mixing ratio of ingredients for optimal sensory qualities of seasoned tofu, a response surface methodology with a central composite design was performed on tofu containing freshwater crab meat (TCM). Using the desirability function technique, the optimal formulation was determined to be 3.67 g of freeze dried meat, 5.54 g of garlic powder, and 2,120 mL of soymilk. In the texture profile analysis, tofu prepared using the optimal ingredient ratio had a higher hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess than commercial tofu but TCM value for adhesiveness, springiness and chewiness were lower. However, the texture properties of TCM were not significantly different than those of commercial tofu.

In this study we overviewed the early private learning for children in Korea. For last 20 years the number of children who were involved in it increased and the starting age had been lowered. Now more than 90% of the children are exposed to it before going to school. Mean number of private lesson per child is between three to four (33.6%). 32.7% of preschoolers take more than 5 kinds of private lesson per week. Because of the frantic enthusiasm of the parents, most preschools and kindergartens are providing extra curricula in their programs. The main problem of the learning in Korea is that it does not run by government or universities with educational purposes but by commercial companies for profit.