Earticle

This is a case study to elucidate an association between consecutive interpretations and stratified note-taking. Stratification in note-taking is limited to diagonal and parallel types in this study. It was possible to derive several significant conclusions from the results of analyses on both voice files of students in consecutive interpretations and survey questionnaire. First of all, although it is not always concluded that an objective assessment result indicates the quality of interpretation, the group of people, who answered that an effort was made for note-taking stratification, showed much better result in interpretation. In addition, this group actually exhibited that their note-takings were systematically stratified well. The top three students in terms of overall assessment all belonged to the group that made an effort for note-taking stratification and three students with the lowest assessment were all in the opposite group. An education for note-taking should be started as early as possible in the specific pattern. However, an education is possible only for several principles and learners need to develop note-taking with the most appropriate way for each of them afterwards. Furthermore, they should make an effort to improve their skills on consecutive interpretations from various perspectives other than note-taking.

영남지방에서 원삼국시기의 고식와질토기가 출현하는 서기전 1세기 초부터 경주지역에서는 초기철기시대 이래의 선주민과 낙랑군의 설치로 새로 남하한 위만조선계 유이민들에 의해 서로 다른 계통의 목관묘 및 목곽묘가 축조되고 있었다. 이들은 경주지역에서 사로국의 성립과 사로국 성립 당시의 주민의 계통을 말해준다. 그러나 곧이어 부장토기가 교류되고 묘제가 상호 교차하여 축조되는 등 계통이 달랐던 주민이 융합되어 가는 과정을 보여준다. 사로국 전기에는 고분군에 따라 청동거울 부장묘나 다수의 철모 부장묘 등 유력개인묘가 돌출적으로 존재하였으나, 고정적으로 사로국의 수장들이 피장된 중심고분군은 성립되어 있지 않았다. 사로국 전기의 유력개인묘는 모두 선주민 계통의 목관묘가 확대된 것들이었다. 영남지방에서 신식와질토기가 출현하는 서기 2세기 중엽경부터 경주지역에서는 유적에 따라 서로 다른 계통의 목곽묘가 조영되면서 사로국은 후기로 전환하였다. 대표적으로 황성동유적에서는 사로국 전기에 발생한 재지계 목곽묘가 축조되었고, 중산리유적에서는 목곽의 평면구조와 결구방법이 그와는 다른 목곽묘가 축조되기 시작하였는데, 이는 사로국에 다시 새로운 주민이 유입되었음을 의미한다. 그러나 두 계통의 목곽묘는 시차를 두고 같은 방향으로 변천되어 주민의 동질화 과정을 보여준다. 사로국 후기의 목곽묘는 사회의 계층화가 한층 더 진전되었음을 보여준다. 경주분지 중앙에 월성북고분군이 조영되기 시작하면서 사로국의 중심고분군으로 기능하였을 것으로 판단되며, 사로국 후기 경주지역의 고분군들은 최고 위계의 월성북고분군을 정점으로 일원적인 위계화가 진행되고 있었던 것으로 보인다. 그러나 사로국 후기까지는 경주지역 목곽묘들의 이질성이 아직 완전히 극복되지 못한 것으로 보아, 사회 내부의 완전한 통합도 이루지지는 못하였던 것으로 보인다. 사로 내부의 완전한 통합은 경주지역의 목곽묘와 고분군이 이혈주부곽식 목곽묘 중심의 월성북고분군을 정점으로 동혈주부곽식과 세장방형 목곽묘가 조영된 각 지구 고분군으로 위계화되어 일원적인 체계를 갖추는 신라 조기에 들어와서 이루어졌다고 판단된다. 신라는 그와 같은 사로 내부통합을 바탕으로 주변 지역으로 진출하여 지방지배를 실현해 나간 것이다. 그러므로 신라 조기는 사로국 후기와는 다른 질적인 변화를 이룩한 사회였음이 다시 확인된다.

In the Yeongnam region during the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, the Gyeongju area witnessed the establishment of two different burial traditions at around the first century BCE (when archaic style wajil pottery first came to be used), wooden coffin burials and wooden chamber burials. Each of the burial traditions is believed to be associated with the indigenous populations that resided in the area since the Early Iron Age, and the migrant population of Weiman Joseon that had fled southwards following the establishment of the Lelang Commandary, respeictvely. The wooden coffin and wooden chamber burials therefore provide information about the establishment of Saroguk and the nature of the communities that were present in Gyeongju at the time. The fact that the exchange of grave goods (in the form of pottery) and even burial structures occurred soon afterwards indicates that the two communities soon began to intermix. A central burial ground where ‘chiefly’ individuals were regularly buried was not yet established in Saroguk’s early phase, although there are sporadic burials of ‘important’ individuals, furnished with a bronze mirror or many bronze spearheads can be observed at the burial grounds of this period. All of the ‘important’ burials of this early phase in Saroguk’s development were based in the tradition of the wooden coffin burials of the indigenous population. Wooden chamber burials of two different traditions came to be used around the mid-second century CE (when new style wajil pottery made an appearance) in the Gyeongju region, marking the transition to the late phase of Saroguk’s development. The site of Hwangseong-dong witnessed the construction of a type of wooden chamber burial which emerged in the Gyeongju region during Saroguk’s early phase. The site of Jungsan-ri, on the other hand, witnessed the construction of a different type of wooden chamber burial that had a different layout and method of assembling the wooden structure, representing the influx of a new population into Saroguk. However, the fact that both types of wooden chamber burials developed in a similar manner, albeit with a time gap, can be seen to indicate that the two populations had intermixed and were becoming homogenous. The wooden chamber tombs of Saroguk’s later phase illustrate increased social stratification. The Wolseong North Burial Ground, which was formed in the center of the Gyeongju Basin, appears to have functioned as Saroguk’s central burial ground. The tombs of the Gyeongju region in the late Saroguk phase were stratified according to a single system in which the Wolseong North Burial Ground stood at the apex of the pyramid. However, the presence of heterogeneous elements amongst the wooden chamber tombs shows that complete social cohesion had yet to be achieved. It can be argued that the internal cohesion of Saroguk society became completed in the Incipient Silla Period, as witnessed by the establishment of a single system of tomb construction in which Wolsung North Burial Ground, representing the highest status group, which featured wooden chamber tombs that had the main burial chamber and grave goods compartment built in separate pits; the other burial grounds of lower ranked groups featured wooden chamber tombs with the main burial chamber and grave goods compartment located in a single pit. Based on this internal social cohesion of Saroguk, Silla was able to expand into neighboring regions and establish its system of local rule. In this way, the society of Incipient Silla was fundamentally different from that of Saroguk’s later phase.

본고는 백제 한성기～웅진·사비기 식기의 양상과 특징을 살펴봄으로써 당대의 식사문화를 복 원해 보고자 하였다. 식기는 넓은 의미로는 먹을 것을 만드는데 필요한 기구, 먹는 장소에서 쓰는 기구와 기명도 포함된다. 또한 재질별, 용도별로 분류될 수 있는데, 재질별로는 토제, 목제, 금속 제, 유리제 등이 있으며, 용도별로 분류해 보면 배식기, 저장기, 조리기 그리고 식사 시 사용되는 식사구가 있다. 백제시기 식기의 변화는 크게는 2차에 걸친 획기로 구분되는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 1차 획기로 보이는 백제 한성기에는 배류, 완류, 접시류 등 동일 기종 내에서도 세부 형태들이 다양하게 등장하고 평저에 굽이 없거나 낮은 굽이 일부 확인되는 양상을 띠는 배식기가 유행하고 있다. 즉 중국의 식기 문화가 도입되면서 중국 자기들의 영향으로 기존의 토착문화 속에서 중국 자기를 모방하면서 새롭고 다양한 기종이 융합하여 제작된 것이다. 이후 사비기에 들어서면서 중국과 고구려 식기의 영향이 더해짐으로써 2차 획기가 나타난다. 고배, 삼족기 등의 토기가 감소하고 굽이 높은 대부, 평저 양식의 식기가 유행한다. 특히 대부완 은 중앙지역에서만 나타나는 고급식기류로 이는 백제 사비기 사회적 배경으로 인해 귀족층들의 선호도가 변화되었다고 볼 수 있다. 특히 완은 고대 한국, 중국, 일본의 식기 중에서 중심 식기로 등장한다. 작은 완을 이용한 식사 방법은 음식의 개별 분배 방식과 관련된다고 볼 수 있으며, 匙箸를 사용하는 동아시아에 매우 적 합한 형태의 식기였던 것이다. 그리고 공통적으로 좌식의 飯床문화가 보급되는데, 이는 중국의 漢代～魏晋代까지의 식사양식으로 한국과 일본의 식사문화에 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 반상문화는 백제의 경우 좌식의 식사문화가 지속되고 이후 시기까지 이어지지만, 중국은 唐代부터 입식의 식 탁문화로 변화되는 양상이 나타난다. 본 연구를 통해 그동안 주목받지 못했던 백제의 식기와 식사문화의 변화상을 살펴본 결과 식사 문화가 계층화되었다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 백제의 사회변화를 다양한 관점에 서 볼 수 있는 새로운 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the aspect and characteristics of the kitchenware of the Baekje Dynasty from the Hanseong to Ungjin and Sabi periods and thereby restore the contemporary dining culture. In a broad sense, tableware includes utensils and appliances needed to make food, as well as cutlery and dinnerware used to eat food. It may be classified by material and purpose. By material, it includes earthenware, woodenware, metalware, and glassware, while by purpose, it includes dispensing, storage, cooking, and eating. Meanwhile, bowls characteristically constitute major tableware in the tableware from the ancient periods of Korea, China, and Japan. This shows that the dining method using smaller bowls has to do with how food is served to individuals, thus suggesting that it was the most appropriate tableware for East Asia where people use spoon and chopsticks. And the culture with on-floor level dining table was introduced to all three countries, a dining style that prevailed from Han Dynasty through Wei and Jin Dynasties, which influenced the dining culture of Korea and Japan. As for the use of on-floor level dining table, the floor dining continued through Baekje and beyond, whereas in China it changed to the use of dining table and chairs from Tang Dynasty. The study aims to bring light on the dining culture of the Baekje Dynasty through tableware and oor dining table, which previously failed to draw attention from archeology. By focusing on the use of tableware and oor dining table, I have made it clear that the period saw the stratification of the contemporary dining culture. I expect that this thesis will serve as a method to describe social change from various perspectives.

Acquiring accurate quantitative and qualitative information is necessary for the technical and scientific management of forest stands. In this study, stratification and systematic random sampling methods were used to estimation of quantitative characteristics in study area. The estimator (((E%)2xT)) was used to compare the systematic random and stratified sampling methods. 100 percent inventory was carried out in an area of 400 hectares; characteristics as: tree density, crown cover (canopy), and basal area were measured. Tree density of stands was compared through systemic random and stratified sampling methods. Findings of the study reveal that stratified sampling method gives a better representation of estimates than systematic random sampling.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine basic arguments and theoretical meanings of the behavior theory focused on Donald Black's view. From the point of view of Donald Black, the law stands for governmental social control of executive institution and the governmental social control means a rule and a action against an aberration. In considering legal behavior in social, individual itself and psychological properties are excluded because it is achieved in social level. The change of the law is expected and explained systematically in correlation with five variations, such as stratification, morphological variables, culture, organization and social control, if all else constant is fixed. This behavior theory partly coincides with legal action of social community responding the social control. But how inherent subjective factor of human behavior is incorporated with the cognition maintaining objectivity still come into question. Therefore sociological study on the law need to adhere standpoint how to integrate outside and inside viewpoints observing human behavior or social relationship.

The phrase “gender stratification” highlights a form of inequality permeating every level of social structure: inequality between men and women. Relationships of power and privilege are formed through a complex web of gender- related factors, from attitudes towards women’s participation in the labor force and men’s place in the family to cultural ideologies around kinship, musical competence and economic roles. In bayin seated singing, which is popular among the Buyi ethnic group in the Nanpan River valley in Southwest China, gender is a significant factor in the division of labor in musical activities. This gendered division of musical labor emerges from various music-related notions and behavior expectations that in turn stem from customs and ideas around gender relations in wider Buyi society. Analyzing the characteristics of power relations between men and women in bayin seated singing helps to bring to the surface relationships between traditional music practices and gender stratification.

This study discusses the multi-dimensional aspects of the digital divide conceptualizing the magnitude of the digital gaps in social, economic, cultural, and political relationships, which goes beyond its familiar definition. Since the digital disparities bear a close parallel to the existence of social polarization, efforts to narrow digital inequities should be customized at the four structural levels: individuals, communities, regions, and countries. According to four structural levels, this study will examine the multidimensional approaches to the digital divide, which includes not only the accessibility and availability of information resources, but also the conscious and acceptable attitudes toward the perceived gap between the “haves” and the “have-nots”.

In “Looking for Mr. Green,” Saul Bellow exemplifies false consciousness and the class stratification of a capitalist society. False consciousness is a kind of ideology that the bourgeois generate to sustain power over proletarians, according to Marxists. Capitalism, religion, racism, and the American dream become instrumental for the bourgeois to create false consciousness. Armed with God, pseudo-science, and tempting dreams, the bourgeois indoctrinate the proletariat the legitimacy of the difference between the two classes. The former justifies the failure and poverty of the latter. False consciousness solidifies the social stratification by substantiating their power with the accumulation of wealth. All the characters in Bellow’s short story are tainted by the false consciousness and suffer from the vain belief. Bellow visualizes the hypocrisy of capitalism through Mr. Raynor who believes in the fairness of capitalism, the protagonist George Grebe who lives a proletarian’s life while dreaming the American dream, Staika who manipulates the ideology of the dominance for her own sake, and Mr. Green, the invisible black man. This paper deconstructs the entity of capitalism embedded in “Looking for Mr. Green” through a Marxist reading of the story.

Background : The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) increases in multiple myeloma (MM), and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend VTE prevention using the IMPEDE VTE score. Although there have been studies analyzing the correlation between score increase and VTE incidence, there is a lack of validation on Asian ethnicity. This study applies the IMPEDE VTE score to MM patients to stratify the risk of VTE and analyze VTE incidences and the use of antithrombotics. Methods : We conducted a retrospective analysis of electronic medical records of patients newly diagnosed with MM who visited the Hematology Department of a single-center from January 2018 to December 2021. The occurrence of VTE was followed up for 6 months after treatment initiation. The IMPEDE VTE score was calculated at the start of treatment, and the incidence of VTE and the use of anti-thrombotic drugs were analyzed according to risk. Results : Among 239 patients, 139 (58.2%), 98 (41.0%), and 2 (0.8%) were classified in the low-risk (≤3 points), intermediate-risk (4-7 points), and high-risk group (≥8 points) respectively. Age was significantly higher in the low-risk group than intermediate-risk group. Two cases of VTE occurred within 6 months of treatment initiation, both of which were in the low-risk group. Fifty-one patients (21.3%) received antithrombotics that according to the guideline, and all of them were in the low-risk group. There were 14 cases of bleeding associated with the use of antithrombotics. Conclusion : This study highlights the potential association between age and VTE risk in MM patients. While the current guideline does not consider patients’ age as a risk factor, the higher incidence of VTE in the low-risk group of older patients suggests that old age may need to be taken into account when predicting VTE in MM. Further large-cohort studies are needed to investigate this association and to develop guidelines for VTE risk prediction and prevention in MM patients in Korea.

최근 한국사회에는 부모에게 선택할 수 있는 폭을 넓힌다는 취지하에 양육수당, 개별내 가정양육지원, 보육바우처 등과 같은 다양한 아동양육관련 제도에 대한 사회적 지원이 확대되고 있다. 이것은 가족정책이 이제까지의 공보육서비스 정책중심 기조에서 벗어나 시장화, 개별화, 재가족화로의 경로전환을 내포하고 있다. 본 논문은 가족정책이 젠더와 계층의 문제가 상호 중층적 구조로 얽혀 있기 때문에 이를 분리적으로 대립시킬 수 없으며 통합적으로 접근할 때 가장 높은 효과를 거둘 수 있다는 점을 1990년대 이래 한국사회 보육정책의 변화경로를 사례로 분석하여 보고자 한다. 구체적으로는 우리나라 보육정책의 형성과 재편과정에서 어떻게 계층과 젠더의 문제가 분리됨으로써 정책적 한계를 노정하였는가를 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 시장화, 개별화, 재가족화에 기반한 자유선택의 정책설계가 기본적으로 젠더불평등과 계층불평등을 동시에 증진시키는 바 이에 대한 비판적 재검토를 하는데 주요 초점을 두었다. 결론에서는 향후 우리나라 가족정책에서 고민해야 할 과제를 제안하였다.

Recently various kinds of social support for chidcaring, such as home care allowance, subsidies to in-home care, and childcaring voucher, are introduced in terms of ‘choice of freedom’ in Korea. It implies that Korean family policy will change its policy orientation from public childcare service to maketization, privatization, and (re)familization. This paper is to emphasize that family policy is very closely interacted with problems of stratification and gender, and will be the most effective in case combing the both. Under approach with the two divided or contradictory, we could get failure in family policy. The paper analyzes the emergence and restructure of childcare policy in Korea since 1990s. Specifically, it tries to show how policy limitations have occurred by dividing the problems of stratification and gender in the process of structure and restructure of Korean childcare policy. Based on the results, critical reviews are given on the recent policy design of ‘free choice’ since it can provoke both inequalities in stratification and gender. In conclusion, policy suggestions were given for the development of family policy in Korea.

Background: Dehisced ginseng seeds need to be stored at cold temperatures for around 3 months to break their physiological dormancy, and thus, to aid in gemination. In the presence of high moisture in such an environment, seed spoilage and pre-germination may lower seed quality and productivity. To improve seed quality during cold-stratification, the effects of seed dehydration and temperature were tested. Methods and Results: In early December, dehisced ginseng seeds were dehydrated at 4 different levels and stored at 2℃ -2℃, and ?20℃ for 3 months. Germination was carried out on the filter papers moistened with distilled water; emergence of root, shoot, and seed spoilage were assessed. Seed viability was examined by the tetrazolium test. More than 90% of the seeds stored at 2℃ and ?2 ℃ without drying or endocarp dehydration germinated, but seeds that were dehydrated to have a moisture content (MC) below 31% showed poor germination and lost their viability. In addition, the seeds stored at ?20℃ failed to show effective germination. Conclusions: Seed storage after endocarp dehydration might help to improve seed quality and increase seedling's ability to stand during the spring-sowing of ginseng.

이 연구는 지난 70년대 이후 가구생계부양유형의 변화와 부인의 경제적 의존성분석을 통해 부부들의 생애과정 결정이 구조적인 성별성에 종속되어 있음을 증명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 특정 국면에 국한한 성불평등이 아닌 생애과정 전반에 걸친가변적이고 누적적인 불평등을 탐구주제로 하는 ‘성별화된 생애과정’ 개념을 제시하고, 부부의 취업지속성 배열분석과 부인의 가구소득 기여도 분석을 실시하였다. 자료는 한국노동패널을 이용하였으며, 1971년 이후 결혼한 부부 1,784쌍을 대상으로결혼 1년 전～조사완료시점(2009년)까지를 분석기간으로 하였다. 첫째, IMF 이후 결혼한 부부들의 생애과정은 무자녀 결정이 급격히 증가했음에도 불구하고 전통적인 방향으로 재조직화되고 있었다. 남편들의 생애과정은 더욱 노동중심적으로 표준화되고 부인들도 경력단절형과 ‘취집’ 유형 등 가족중심적 생애과정이 증가하였다. 전통주의적 회귀 경향과 무자녀 부부의 증가라는 일견 모순된 것처럼 보이는 두 현상의 공존은 무자녀 결정의 대부분이 구조적으로 강제된 것임을시사해 준다. 둘째, 성별화된 생애과정은 학력 계층과 무관하게 지배적인 현상으로 지속되고있으며 동시에 상층 여성의 일부에서 탈성별화의 경향도 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한성별화와 계층화의 결과로 부부들의 생애과정 차이는 여성들 내부의 차이가 결정적요인으로 나타났다. 여성들 내부의 차이는 IMF 이후 결혼코호트에서 심화되었는데,가족책임으로 경력을 단절하지 않은 ‘맞벌이 지속형’은 고학력･정규직 임금근로 여성의 생애유형이었고, 이들의 가구소득 기여도는 남편과 같거나 그 이상의 수준으로변화하였다. 그러나 여성 내부의 차이를 고학력 vs 저학력, 정규직 임금근로 vs 불안정･하위직의 양극화로 보기는 어렵다. 학력과 노동경력에 무관하게 경력단절과 하향재취업이 지배적인 여성의 생애과정으로 나타나기 때문이다. 이상의 결과들은 여성을 주부로 간주하는 성별 원칙이 가족과 노동시장에서 작동되는 한 부부들의 생애과정이 성별 전형성을 벗어나기 어렵다는 것을 확인시켜준다. 또한 탈성별화가 계층화된 방식으로 전개됨에 따라 상층 일부의 지표들이 전체 불평등을 상쇄시켜 ‘성불평등 개선없는 여성 상위시대’가 되었고, 이것이 ‘젠더 이슈’가사적 영역의 문제로 축소되는 원인이 되고 있다.

The purpose of this study is to prove that the determination of lifecourse of marital couples is subordinate to structural gender inequality, byanalyzing changes in types of breadwinner model from 1970’s and economicdependency of wives. To this end, this study presents the concept of ‘genderedlife course’ under the theme of variable and accumulated inequality throughoutthe life course rather than gender inequality limited to specific situations, andthen conducts sequence analysis of couples’ continuance of employment andanalysis on contribution to family income by wives. I used Korean Labor andIncome Panel Study and analyzed 1,784 couples married after 1971. Theanalysis period was from one year before marriage to the point the analysis wascompleted(2009). First, the life course of couples has been reorganized in a traditional wayeven though more couples decide not to have a child since the Korean financialcrisis. The life course of husbands has been standardized in a more laborcenteredway while the life course of wives becomes more family-centered,such as career interruption and choice to marry rather than to find jobs. Thecoexistence of the return to a traditional way and the increase of coupleswithout children shows that most of decisions not to have a child have beenstructurally forced. Second, the gendered life course has been continued as a dominantphenomenon regardless of educational background and at the same time,de-gendering is found among the high class. As a results of gendering andstratification, the difference in life course of couples is determined by thedifference among women. The difference among women has been deepened inmarriage cohort since the Korean financial crisis. Dual-career that dose notinterrupt any career under the family responsibility is a life course ofwell-educated and regular female workers and their contribution to familyincome is the same as or even higher than that of husbands. However, it isdifficult to classify the bi-polarization among women into well-educated orlow-educated and regular worker or irregular and low rank worker. Regardlessof educational background and career, career interruptiona and reemployment todownward are dominant in women’s life course. Such outcomes show that it is difficult to overcome a typical type ofgender in the life course of couples as long as the prejudice that women areconsidered as housewives still works in family and the labor market. Inaddition, as de-gendering is continued in a stratified way, some indexes amongthe high class offset the overall inequality and then the Korean society looksmore female-oriented without any improvement in gender equality. This is oneof the causes to minimize gender issues into problems in a private area.

This study was performed to identify optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds and to examine the effect ofGA3 treatment for improvement of seed stratification rate. Ginseng seeds harvested from Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoongcultivar in July 20 were tested for stratification rate. It was shown that stratification rates of land race, Yunpoong andChunpoong cultivar were 94.1%, 93.1%, and 82.6%, respectively. Seeds of Chunpoong cultivar harvested 10-15 days latershowed a comparable stratification rate to that of Land race, indicating that late harvest of Chunpoong seeds is beneficialfor the increase of stratification rate. The higher stratification rate was found in mature seeds (92.3%) than immature seeds(37.8%), both of which were harvested in July 20. Stratification rate of mature seeds harvested in July 15 was 87.5%, demonstratingoptimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds with higher stratification rate is after mid-July. An exponential growthof endosperms of ginseng seeds was observed from early June to mid-June and then slow growth was observed. There wasno obvious growth of embryos from fertilization to mid-August. After the this time, embryos quickly grew until late October. Thus, appropriate stratification control is essential during the period (from early September to late October) in order tooptimize embryo growth and development. While no increase of stratification rate was observed in seeds treated with50 ppm of GA3, significant increases were observed in seeds treated with 100 ppm of GA3. At this concentration of GA3, thestratification rate of Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar was 95.0%, 95.3%, and 96.5%, respectively.

본 연구는 조형 디자인 분야 외국인 유학생을 대상으로, 전공 수행 맥락을 한국어 수업의 내용으로 설정하고 이를 어휘 계층화에 기반하여 조직한 내용 한국어 교수요목을 제안하는 데 목적이 있다. 조형 디자인 계열의 전공 진입 단계에서는 조형 요소의 명명과 설명, 작품 의미의 해 석, 미학적 판단의 제시와 같은 기초 수행 담화가 핵심적으로 이루어진 다. 이에 본 연구는 전공 수행 맥락에서 활용되는 핵심 어휘를 인지적 복합성에 따라 지각–개념화–해석–비평의 네 범주로 배열하고, 이에 대응 하는 담화 활동을 구성하여 이를 교수요목 배열의 조직 원리로 삼았다. 제안된 수업은 조형 분석, 작품 감상, 비평 활동, 프로젝트 발표 수행 등을 중심 과업으로 구성되며, 설명문·감상문·비평문 작성과 발표 활동을 통해 학습자가 전공 개념을 언어적으로 조직하고 의미를 구성하며 평가 관점 을 제시하도록 설계되었다. 이 과정에서 어휘는 개별 용어의 제시에 머무 르지 않고 전공 수행 담화를 구성하는 핵심 자원으로 기능한다. 본 연구 는 전공 진입 단계에서 요구되는 기초 수행 담화를 어휘 기능에 따라 체계화하고 이를 교수요목 설계 원리로 구체화함으로써 전공 특화 내용 한국어 수업의 설계 가능성을 제시하였다. 또한 본 접근은 조형 디자인을 사례로 하였으나, 전공 수행 담화를 기초 수준에서 분석하고 조직하는 방식은 예술 및 디자인 계열의 전공 진입 단계 수업으로 확장 적용될 수 있다.

This study proposes a content-based Korean syllabus for international students in the field of formative design by adopting disciplinary performance contexts as the core instructional content and organizing them through lexical stratification. At the entry level of formative design education, foundational disciplinary discourse—such as naming and describing formal elements, explaining compositional principles, interpreting artistic meaning, and presenting aesthetic judgments— constitutes a central component of academic engagement. Accordingly, this study categorizes key vocabulary used in entry-level disciplinary performance into four strata—perceptual, conceptual, interpretive, and critical—based on cognitive complexity, and employs this stratification as the organizing principle of syllabus design. The proposed course is structured around major tasks including formal analysis, artwork appreciation, critical discussion, and project presentation. Through explanatory, reflective, and critical writing and presentation activities, learners are guided to organize disciplinary concepts linguistically, construct meaning, and articulate evaluative perspectives. In this process, vocabulary functions not merely as isolated terminology but as a central resource for constructing disciplinary discourse. By systematizing foundational disciplinary discourse at the entry level through lexical stratification and operationalizing it as a principle of syllabus design, this study demonstrates a feasible model for discipline-specific content-based Korean instruction. Although formative design serves as the case context, the approach of analyzing and organizing disciplinary performance at the foundational level may be extended to entry-level courses in other fields within art and design.

적석목곽묘는 전대의 목곽묘와 다르게 木蓋상부에 積石과 盛土墳丘를 갖춘 형태로 출현한다. 순수목곽묘, 위석목곽묘 등과 공존하며, 경주 중심부의 가장 보편적이면서 특수한 묘제로 정착한다. 그리고 단계별로 적석목곽묘의 내부구조와 부장유물은 成層化를 보인다. 단계는 고배의 형식변화를 통하여 크게 네 단계로 나눌 수 있다. 1단계는 경주 중심부에서 적석목곽묘가 출현하는 시기이다. ⅡC등급에서 적석목곽묘를 축조하기 시작하였다. 平面形態, 壁石, 殉葬, 등은 전대의 목곽묘와 유사하지만 적석과 성토분구는 새롭게 더해진 요소이다. 이러한 점으로 볼 때, 적석목곽묘는 전대의 목곽묘에서 분화된 새로운 묘제로 판단된다. 2단계는 적석목곽묘가 경주 중심부에서 주묘제로 형성되어 가는 시기이다. ⅡB등급, ⅢE등급, ⅣE등급에서 적석목곽묘를 축조하였다. 순장자는 ⅡB등급에서 확인된다. 다양한 평면형태가 확인되며, 적석목곽묘의 채용주체가 점차 확대되고 있다. 3단계는 경주 중심부에 적석목곽묘가 정착하는 시기이다. 거의 모든 지배등급이 적석목곽묘를 축조한다. ⅠA등급은 多重木槨과 木棺, 石壇, 石築, 木造架構를 갖추었다. 순장자는 석단 상부에 안치하였다. 이외의 등급은 單槨이며, 일부 등급에서 순장자가 확인된다. 4단계는 적석목곽묘에 정형화가 이루어지는 시기이다. 중ㆍ상위등급은 이중곽 1관 1석단, 하위등급은 단곽 1관 내지 단곽을 취하고 있다. 평면형태 ㅏ자형과 10ㆍ11자 형은 중ㆍ하위등급에서 관찰된다. 현재까지 네 개 단계에 걸쳐 모두 18개의 등급이 확인되었다. 왕을 정점으로 하는 지배구조가 완비되면서 이에 따라 葬禮􆩍法도 점차 완성되었던 것으로 생각된다. 경주 주변부의 적석목곽묘는 시기를 달리하면서 출현하며, 채용주체의 성격이 조금씩 다르게 나타난다. 또한 중심부의 상위등급에서 확인되는 내부구조와 부장유물은 보이지 않는다. 그 외 평면형태, 상면시설, 유물 부장양상 등은 單位政治體의 성격이 어느 정도 반영된 것으로 파악된다. 경주 주변부는 묘제의 선택에 있어서도 중심부의 영향을 크게 받지 않았던 것으로 보인다. 주변부는 중심부와 일정관계 속에서 분묘의 규모나 부장유물에 규제가 뒤따랐던 것으로 판단된다.

The structure of the wooden chamber tomb with stone mound consists of a stone mound which covers the upper wooden cover - this differentiates it from the earlier wooden compartment tomb. The wooden chamber tomb with stone mound co-existed with the wooden compartment tomb and the wooden compartment tomb with surrounding stones, and was established as the main mode of burial for the elite in central Gyeongju. The internal structure and grave goods illustrate gradual social differentiation; four main phases can be observed based on the typology of mounted cups. The first phase witnessed the appearance of the wooden chamber tomb with stone mound in central Gyeongju - they were constructed by the ⅡC grade group. This type of burial inherited elements of the previous wooden compartment tomb, such as floor plan, use of stone partition, and the burial of the living with the dead. However, the stone mound and earthen mound were new elements. It is therefore believed that the new wooden chamber tomb with stone mound emerged from the wooden compartment tomb in association with social stratification. During the second phase, the wooden chamber tomb with stone mound began to be used as the main type of burial in the center of Gyeongju. They were used by the ⅡB, ⅢE, and ⅣE grade group. The burial of the living with the dead was performed only in tombs of the ⅡB grade group. Various floor plans have been identified, and these burials were used by a wider group. The third phase witnessed the establishment of the wooden chamber tomb with stone mound in central Gyeongju. It was used by almost all elite groups. Burials of theⅠA grade group contained wooden coffins within multiple chambers, stone terraces, stone embankments, and wooden structures. It is assumed that the sacrificed individuals were laid out on the stone terrace. Burials of other grade groups had single chambers, and sacrificed individuals may have accompanied some of these grade groups. The standardization of the wooden chamber tomb with stone mound took place in the fourth phase. The burials of the upper and middle grade groups consist of 2 chambers - 1 coffin - 1 terrace (stone) structure, while those of the lower grade consist of 1 chamber - 1 coffin or 1 chamber. New types of chamber floor plans ('ㅏ' shaped, '10' shaped, and '11' shaped) appear to have been adopted by groups of the middle and lower grade. A total of 18 grades have been observed throughout the four stages. It is believed that with the completion of the governing structure, with the king at the apex, manners pertaining to funeral ceremonials were also completed. In the environs of Gyeongju, the wooden chamber tomb with stone mound appeared at different times and was adopted by different groups. The internal structure and grave goods found in such tombs of the Gyeongju center are not found here. It is thought that the chamber floor plan, type of structure erected above ground, and grave goods are representative, to an extent, of the individual political units. The use of burials in the environs of Gyeongju does not appear to have been influenced much by the Gyeongju center. However, the surrounding regions maintained a relationship with the center and was restricted in terms of tomb size and grave goods used.

본 연구는 생성형 AI의 확산과 함께 급증하는 ‘AI 슬롭(Slop)’ 현상을 단순한 기술적 부작용이 아닌, 플랫폼 자본주의가 고도화된 ‘슬롭 경제(Slop Economy)’의 구조적 산물로 규정하고, 이것이 영상 문화 향유의 계급적 격차를 어떻게 재구성하는지 고찰한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 Grant and Booth (2009)의 분류에 따른 비판 적 문헌연구(Critical Literature Review) 방법론을 채택하여, Kapwing (2025) 보고서의 정량 데이터를 배경 자료로 활용하면서 여러 선행 연구를 이론적 논증의 근 거로 삼는다. 분석 결과, AI 슬롭은 SNARF 메커니즘에 기반한 ‘전략적 순환’을 통해 알고리즘 친화적 저품질 콘텐츠를 의도적으로 양산하며, 이는 경제적 자본이 부 족한 ‘디지털 평민 계급’에게 집중적으로 소비될 수 있음을 논증한다. 여기서 ‘디지털 평민 계급’은 도덕적 위계가 아닌, 광고 기반 무료 플랫폼에 구조적으로 종속된 이용자 집단을 가리키는 분석적 범주이다. 특히 슬롭 소비 세계 1위(84억 회)인 한국은 핵심 분석 사례로서, 무료 플랫폼 이용자가 ‘뇌썩음(Brainrot)’ 영상에 구조적 으로 노출되는 불평등 구조를 보인다. 슬롭이 생성 방식 기준의 기술적 범주라면, 뇌썩음은 소비 경험 기준의 현상적 범주로서 양자는 부분적으로 중첩된다. 본 연구 는 ‘정보 영양(Information Nutrition)’ 개념을 핵심 분석틀로 제시하여, 이러한 불균형이 인지적 참여의 질 저하와 세대적 기억 상실로 이어질 위험을 논증하고, 나아 가 민주적 공론장을 약화할 수 있음을 밝힌다. 이에 대한 대안으로 알고리즘 투명성 강화, 공공 디지털 인프라 구축, 보편적 미디어 교육을 통한 ‘디지털 식량 주권’ 회복을 제언한다.

This study defines the rapidly proliferating ‘AI Slop’ phenomenon—accompanying the spread of generative AI—not as a mere technological side effect but as a structural product of advanced platform capitalism constituting a ‘Slop Economy,’ and investigates how this phenomenon reconstructs class disparities in the consumption of visual culture. To this end, the study adopts a Critical Literature Review methodology following the classification of Grant and Booth (2009), utilizing quantitative data from the Kapwing (2025) report as background material and drawing upon 18 prior studies as the theoretical basis for argumentation. The analysis argues that AI Slop intentionally mass-produces algorithm-friendly, low-quality content through a ‘Strategic Cycle’ built on the SNARF mechanism, and that this content is disproportionately consumed by the ‘Digital Commoner Class’ lacking economic capital. The ‘Digital Commoner Class’ is employed here not as a moral hierarchy but as an analytical category denoting users structurally dependent on advertising-based free platforms. South Korea serves as the central case study, ranking first globally in Slop consumption (8.45 billion views), exemplifying the structural inequality in which free-platform users are systematically exposed to ‘Brainrot’ videos. While Slop constitutes a technical category defined by its mode of production, Brainrot constitutes a phenomenological category defined by the consumption experience, with the two partially overlapping. Proposing ‘Information Nutrition’ as its core analytical framework, the study argues that this imbalance risks weakening the quality of cognitive engagement and accelerating generational amnesia, potentially undermining the democratic public sphere. As alternatives, the study proposes the restoration of ‘Digital Food Sovereignty’ through enhanced algorithmic transparency, the establishment of public digital infrastructure, and universal media literacy education.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the determinants of preferences about post disaster recovery policies and nuclear electric power generation policies. In particular I analyze about the association between policy preference and social status by using data of statistical social surveys in Tokyo, Sendai city and Fukushima city after November 2014. About the national opinion reflection, higher status people tend to answer that national opinion is reflected to recovery policy. And people who have strong sense of unfairness to current Japanese society tend to answer that there is no reflection. On the nuclear energy policy, variable of age has strong negative effect to the preference, and I find that older people are negative to using nuclear energy. In Fukushima city, people who have stronger political efficacy and have smaller sense of social unfairness tend to have positive preference to nuclear energy. About the support to victims by the Japanese government, variable of self-rated social stratification have positive effect. And the residents who live in Fukushima city longer tend to answer that the support is not enough. About the support to evacuated people by the Fukushima nuclear accidents, older people tend to answer that we should support more. Self-rated stratification and sense of social unfairness have significant effect to the preferences in many analyses. It means the preferences are different depending on people’s social status. And the sense of social unfairness, which is the evaluation of current social regime, is a fundamental determinant of many kind of policy preference. On the nuclear energy policy, the variable of moved into the city has negative effect. It means the feature as “relocated people” is important in current Japanese society. Sex dummy variables are significant in many analyses. It is important findings that gender gaps of policy preferences are large and significant.

本論の目的は、復興に関する政策と、原子力発電政策への志向に関して、その規定 因を解明することである。とくに、政策志向と社会階層の間に関連があるか解明する。 2014年11月以降に東京都、仙台市、福島市にて、独自の統計的社会調査を行った。 復興についての国民の意見反映については、階層帰属意識の規定力が強く、高階層ほ ど意見が反映されていると答える傾向があった。また、社会への不公平感が強いと、意 見が反映されていないと答える傾向があった。原発政策志向に関しては、年齢が負の大 きな規定力を持ち、高年齢の人は原発に対して否定的である。福島では、政治的有効 感が高いほど、また社会不公平感が低いほど、原発に肯定的だった。被災者に対する 政府支援については、階層帰属意識は正の有意な規定力を持つ。また福島では、福島 市内に長く住む人ほど、支援が十分ではないと答えていた。原発避難者に対する支援に ついては、高年齢ほど、もっと支援した方がよいと答えていた。政策志向の規定因として は、多くの場合、階層帰属意識や社会不公平感が有意だった。本人が帰属する社会階 層により政策志向は異なる。また、社会不公平感という現体制評価は、様々な政策志向 の基礎的な規定要因であった。原発政策に関しては、転入者であることは負の規定力が あり、｢転勤族｣という特徴が、現代社会において重要であることを示唆している。性別ダ ミー変数も多くの場合に有意であり、政策志向の男女差は有意に大きいことが、重要な発 見であった。