Earticle

This study aims to identify translation assessment norms found in criticisms done by “reader critics” on Chinese-Korean translation for book publication. Specifically, this study analyzes assessment norms applied by readers to the works of Wenan translated into Korean by different translators. The analysis is based on the following questions: 1) what do readers think of Chinese into Korean translations? 2) is there any relationship between translationese and readability? A group of reader critics with expertise in Chinese language were asked to read and comment on works by Wenan translated by different translators. The comments by the reader critics are summarized as follows: First, the “reader critics” group has been found to apply assessment norms which require the texts in question to be both acceptable to readers in the target language culture and representative of the source language culture, while keeping to a basic set of norms that call for active intervention by the translators. Second, when it comes to preliminary norms related to Chinese-Korean translation for book publication, this paper failed to derive any generalizable descriptive results, because none of the “reader critics” had commented on them. Third, it has been found that translationese resulting from the interference from the source language cannot be an acceptable translation method any more because it is one of the major factors that undermines the readability of the target text, thus reducing readers' pleasure of reading.

2014년 7월 1일 행해진 아베내각의 각의결정은 집단적 자위권의 행사를 부인한 1972년 일본정부의 서면답변이 일본의 존립을 위협하는 상황에서 ‘무력의 행사’를 용인하고 있다는 점을 강조하면서, 타국에 대한 공격에 의해서도 그와 같은 상황이 발생할 수 있으며, 그 경우 ‘무력의 행사’는 용인되어야 한다는 논리를 펴고 있다. 결국 아베내각은 소위 존립위기사태에 있어서의 ‘제한적’ 집단적 자위권 행사가 위헌이 아니라고 말하며, 이와 같은 ‘제한적’ 집단적 자위권 행사가 법적으로 가능하도록 2015년 신안보법제를 성립시켰다. 이로써 집단적 자위권 행사 금지 원칙은 법적으로 성립되지 않게 되었으며, 이것은 안보정책에 관한 법규범의 변화라고 말할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 요미우리신문의 여론조사 결과에 비추어 보면 아베내각이 본격적으로 집단적 자위권 행사 용인을 추진하기 이전부터 집단적 자위권 행사에 찬성하는 여론이 반대하는 여론에 비해 다수를 차지하고 있었으므로, 안보정책에 관한 사회규범의 변화는 법규범의 변화 이전에 이루어져 있었다고 말할 수 있다. 다만 이와 같은 사회규범의 변화가 사회적으로 의미있게 인지되지는 않았다. 그런데 2014년 7.1각의결정을 시작으로 아베내각이 집단적 자위권 행사 용인을 추진하면서, 이와 같은 사회규범의 변화가 가시화되었다. 그리고 집단적 자위권 행사 용인도 쟁점의 하나였던 2014년 12월의 총선거에 있어서 연립여당이 압승을 거둠으로써 집단적 자위권 행사 용인이라는 여론은 최종적으로 확인되어 안보정책에 관한 새로운 사회규범이 확립된 것이다. 결국 집단적 자위권의 행사 용인이라는 안보정책에 관한 새로운 법규범과 사회규범이 탄생하게 되어, 일본의 안보정책에 관한 규범은 변화했다고 결론지을 수 있을 것이다.

In Cultural Norms and National Security: the Police and Military in Postwar Japan (1996), Peter J. Katzenstein seeks to explain particular aspects of Japan’s security policy in terms of legal and social norms. This paper reviews the change in the legal and social norms relating to Japan’s national security policy. A ban on the exercise of the right to collective self-defense was the last of the norms about Japan’s security policy under article 9 of the constitution. However, the establishment of the Legislation for Peace and Security ended the ban on the exercise of collective self-defense. Namely, in the event of an armed attack against a foreign country that has a close relationship with Japan and a resulting threat to Japan’s survival that poses a clear danger to fundamentally overturning people’s right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, Japan would be able to exercise the right of collective self-defense. This means a change in the legal norms of Japan’s national security policy. Meanwhile, public opinion in Japan does not oppose the establishment of the Legislation for Peace and Security. Thus, the social norms relating to Japan’s national security policy have changed.

현행 지적재산법은 요리 창작물의 일부분을 보호하고 있지만, 요리 창작물을 제대로 보호하지 못하고 있다. 외식업계는 그동안 이처럼 낮 은 수준의 지적재산 균형이 이루어진 환경에서 공동체 규범에 의한 자 율적 보호에 의해 창의성과 혁신이 존재하고 나름의 질서를 유지하면 서 발전되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 외식산업이 성장하고 과학기술이 발전 함에 따라 공동체 규범에 의한 자율적 보호 역시 그 한계를 노출하고 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 현행 지적재산법의 보호와 한계, 공동체 규범에 의한 보호와 한계를 검토하고, 보호의 방향성을 살펴본 후, 개 선방안을 제시하였다. 구체적으로, 외식업계에서 요리사들이 원하는 보 호, 협업, 공유와 인정이라는 가치를 달성하기 위해 요리 창작물의 트 레이드 드레스로서의 보호영역과 디자인으로서의 보호영역을 점진적으 로 확대하면서, 레시피 자체는 아니지만 레시피의 어문적 표현이나 요 리책 등에 대한 저작권의 보호범위를 명확히 하는 것이 필요함을 제안 한다. 또한, 공동체 규범에 의한 자율적 보호는 요리사의 인정과 신사 업영역의 대응을 위하여 사회적 규범으로 확대하는 한편, 규범에 의한 제재보다는 레시피 창작자의 출처표시와 레시피 기재 형식의 표준화에 집중할 것을 제안한다.

The current intellectual property law may offer partial protection for culinary creations, but it does not appear to provide sufficient protection for these creations. Despite operating within an environment characterized by low IP equilibria, the food service industry has developed and progressed through autonomous protection based on community norms, fostering creativity and innovation while maintaining its own order. However, given the recent expansion of the food service industry and advancements in science and technology, the autonomous protection driven by community norms has also started to reveal its limitations. Therefore, this paper examines both the protection and limitations of the current intellectual property law, as well as the protection and limitations provided by community norms. Subsequently, it proposes potential avenues for improvement after analyzing the direction of protection. Specifically, to fulfill the values desired by chefs in the food service industry, such as protection, collaboration, sharing, and recognition, this paper suggests gradually expanding the protection of culinary creations through trade dress and design. Also, this expansion aims to clarify the extent of copyright protection for the literary expressions found in recipes or culinary books, even though not recipes themselves. In addition, while extending community norms to social norms for the recognition of chefs and response to new business areas, it was proposed to focus on source indication of recipe creators and standardization of recipe presentation rather than a sanction by norms.

본 연구의 목적은 수학교실문화 형성 수업이 초등학생의 인지적·정의적 영역에 미치는 영향을 확인하고 그 과정을 분석하는 것이다. 연구를 위해 서울시내 한 초등학교 3학년 2개 학급을 선정한 후 수학교실문화 형성을 위한 규범 협의 및 수학적 의사소통을 기반으로 한 20차시의 수업을 진행하고 경청 자기 평가지를 작성하였다. 인지적 영역의 검사를 위해 수학 성취도 평가를 실시하였고 정의적 영역의 검사를 위해 수학적 성향 검사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과 수학교실문화 형성 수업이 학생의 인지적·정의적 영역 발달에 긍정적인 효과를 준다는 것을 확인하였다. 특히, 수학교실문화 형성 과정에서 학생들은 수학 교과의 정의적 측면에서의 변화가 드러났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 학교 현장에서 수학교실문화의 중요성에 대한 교사의 인식 변화의 필요성과 학생을 둘러싼 다양한 환경이 연계된 수학교실문화의 형성을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of mathematics instruction for the formation of mathematics classroom culture on cognitive and affective domains of elementary school students. Two classes of 3rd grade elementary school in Seoul were chosen for the study. Twenty math classes were conducted, discussing the norms and using mathematical communication and journal writing activity was carried out. A mathematical achievement evaluation was performed for the inspection of the cognitive domains and a mathematical aptitude test was performed for the inspection of the affective domains. Research has shown that the mathematics classroom culture have a positive effect on the development of students' cognitive and affective domains. In particular, in the course of forming a mathematical classroom culture, students showed a change in the affective domain of a mathematics. Based on these findings, a change in teacher's perception of the importance of mathematics is needed and a variety of circumstances surrounding the students suggested the formation of a mathematical classroom culture.

It is our concern with a sociolinguistics perspective that explains our interest in the digital writings as well as in the use of languages i n social networks in the Tunisian context. This paper aims at investigating electronic practices in the Tunisian scriptural landscape in a context of social change and globalization. The question that we propose to deal with is related to the notion of "relationship to writing" and that of the stake of languages t h rough electronic communication. In a plurilingual and post-revolutionary context, as in Tunisia, a country with a democratization of speech and a newborn freedom of speech (oral, then oralised and written), the writers resort to electronic writing by using different languages a n d different scriptural methods, with different levels of frequency. This involves all generations. It is in this debate that our concern with dynamic and perpetually-evolving practices reflects communicative behaviors that are specific to scriptural identities which are both convergent and divergent. This situates writers within a communication that is specific to the intra-group. Our paper will shed lights on the degree of reactivity, assiduity and the mechanisms of electronic writing involving three observed age groups: young, intermediate and elders. This paper also seeks to study to what extent the age variable can be at the origin of both categorization and creation of scriptural identities. The linguistic facts produced by the new technologies would translate the conscious and/or unconscious birth of a new scriptural, cultural, and Tunisian identity in this case: An identity of the extended group which concerns "communities of virtual words" (Laroussi F. and Lienard F. 2013a) as a whole, communities for which the "passage to writing" is the result of " A social construction" (Delamotte, 2000), and an identity of the small group that reappropriates the written word, especially young people by expressing themselves through a new multi-graphic and essentially imaged communication code marking space and time.

One of the major lines of inquiry that scholars and researchers in Translation Studies have pursued since the beginning of the discipline in modern times concerns the motivations behind the choices and decisions made by translators. In ways different from linguistic and pedagogical approaches to this question, Descriptive Translation Studies(DTS) has focussed more on the input and output ends of the translation process as an object of direst observation. This paper starts with an overview of the various approaches in this field of research before proceeding to discuss in some depth some advantages of DTS in acquiring insight into the nature and function of translation as a cultural and historical phenomenon. Two distinct merits of DTS are identified: one with its view of translators as an active social agent, and the other with its emphasis on larger social and ideological structures in explaining norms. The lack of DTS-based research in today's Korea is noted before, by way of concluding, a couple of seemingly fruitful future research directions are suggested.

Purpose: Asian immigrant and Asian American women are less likely to use oral contraceptives (OCs) and tend to rely on low-efficacy methods of contraception. This contraceptive pattern remains poorly understood, in part, because no theory-driven measurement exists to assess psychosocial determinants essential in explaining behaviors related to OC use in this population. The current study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of a measure of attitudes and subjective norms toward OC use among Korean American women as a first step to determine whether the measure can be used in this population and, potentially, in other Asian ethnic groups. Methods: The sample consisted of 329 Korean immigrant women living in New York City. The theory of reasoned action guided the development of the measure assessing attitudes and norms. Psychometric evaluation included item analysis, internal consistency estimates of reliability, and construct validity (i.e., factorial, discriminant, and predictive). Results: All item-total correlations were above the recommendation of 0.30. The Cronbach's alpha for the attitudes and subjective norms measure was 0.88 and 0.86, respectively. Exploratory factor analyses revealed four interpretable factors, and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that the factor structures derived from the exploratory factor analyses fit the data well. Discriminant and predictive validity of the measure were also established. Conclusions: The study provides support for the validity and reliability of the measure and its use for determining the degree to which Korean immigrant women intend to use OCs.

Purpose: Based on the health belief model and theory of planned behavior, this study investigated how age group (adolescence and emerging adulthood) moderated the relative effects of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and subjective norms on preventive behavior against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This secondary data analysis utilized data from adolescents (n=272) and emerging adults (n=239). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to test the moderating effect of age group on the relationships among variables. Results: Higher perceived susceptibility (β=.21, p<.001), perceived severity (β=.14, p=.002), subjective norms (friends) (β=.26, p<.001), subjective norms (parents) (β=.44, p<.001), and subjective norms (schools) (β=.28, p<.001) enhanced COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Moderated regression analysis showed that subjective norms (friends and school) impacted preventive behavior in adolescents more than in emerging adults. Conclusion: Given the need to increase perceived susceptibility and severity among adolescents and emerging adults, these findings provide baseline data for designing effective COVID-19 prevention interventions that consider the developmental characteristics of different age groups. Interventions by health centers at universities can strengthen COVID-19 preventive behavior among emerging adults. As adolescents are influenced by friends, their peer roles must be strengthened to enhance adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines.

This study investigates the moderating effect of network density on the relationship between social norms and the intention to unfriend someone on social media. Specifically, it first explores whether this intention is influenced by the perceived prevalence of unfriending behavior. Then, the study examines whether the normative influence on this intention is more pronounced in a dense network (where members are highly interconnected), than in a sparse one (where members are seldom connected). To test these, a 2 (descriptive norms: high vs. low) × 2 (network density: high vs. low) between-subjects online experiment was conducted using a hypothetical unfriending scenario. The results reveal that perceived descriptive norms positively influence the intention to unfriend. Interestingly, contrary to expectations, the normative influence is stronger in sparse networks rather than dense ones. These findings highlight the significant role of social norms in shaping unfriending behaviors and underscore the importance of empirically testing theoretical relationships. They also call for further research to understand the complex interplay between norms and network density in various contexts. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on online social dynamics, offering insights into how digital interactions are influenced by the structure and perceived norms of social networks.

Current Korean society’s demographic cliff has led to a significant decrease in the school-age population in Korea, resulting in many universities failing to meet their enrollment quotas and experiencing prolonged financial difficulties. Consequently, an increasing number of universities are viewing students with disabilities primarily as a means to address financial concerns rather than investing in the distinctiveness of their higher education programs. This study aimed to investigate how Korean recent historical and social norms have influenced the current perspective of universities towards students with disabilities. The research methods involved conducting individual interviews with two groups: students with disabilities and professionals. The analysis revealed that Korean societal norms, shaped by the country's compressed modernization in recent history, have significantly impacted the current situation of students with disabilities in universities. Furthermore, it was revealed that the historical and political norms of Korea's modern and contemporary history influenced public attitudes toward people with disabilities. The national crisis of demographic cliff has directly affected universities' financial stability, leading to the expansion of ‘untapped market’ in higher education by providing admission opportunities to minority groups, including students with disabilities. Through the voices of interviewees, this study critically examined the phenomenon of some universities granting admission to students with disabilities for financial purposes without providing proper support after admission. This situation raises fundamental questions about the meaning of higher education in contemporary Korean society. Grounded on the results of analysis, this research suggested the direction of future research.

인간은 왜 존재하는가? 인간은 어느 곳에서 왔고, 어느 곳으로 가는가? 우리 인간의 야망의 끝은 어디인가? 우리는 선한가 또는 악한가? 위와 같은 문제들은 우리들이 인생을 살아가면서 공통적으로 우리 자신에게 묻는 것들이다. 우리는 때때로 철학적 ․ 종교적, 개인적 접근을 통하여 해답을 찾는다. 그러나 종종 이러한 것들은 불만족스럽게 인정되었고, 따라서 인간은 계속해서 이와 같은 문제에 대해서 오늘날도 해답을 찾고 있다. 우리는 많은 갈등을 해결하는데 이바지하는 법 ․ 도덕 ․ 종교 및 관습과 같은 다양한 사회규범을 가지고 있다. 그러나 이러한 규범들이 윤리적으로 옳은 것인가? 이러한 규범에 관해서 모르는 외딴 곳에 거주하는 시골사람이 법에 의해서 보호받을 수 있는가? 사람이 그 사회의 특정의 전통 ․ 문화 및 관습을 위반한다면 그 위반한 사람은 사회로부터 안전할 수 있는가? 우리는 법 ․ 도덕 ․ 종교 및 관습을 어떻게 이해하고 받아들여야 하는가? 거기에는 사회규범과 사회생활 간에 많은 관련이 있다.

Due to personal data leaks which have been repeated recently, citizens’ rights to information, generally the protection of ‘an individual’s right to an autonomous decision on personal information’ has become an important issue. Hereupon it is needed to review the normative meaning of citizens’ rights to information in the Constitution. Because, looking in some cases of personal information outflows in our society, the infringements on an information principal’s right to an autonomous decision have frequently been breaking out due to the lack of the understanding on citizens’ rights to information and it has been creating a disturbing situation, which is a cause for concern. Despite the fact that we shall recover the dignity of human beings and aim for a free and equal human society facing the huge wave of the 21st century called information technology civilization, imprudent personal information exposure could be connected to infringe on privacy and work as a way to damage human dignity. Therefore, it should be taken as a major issue which modern society should solve in favor of protection of citizens’ rights to information. In a personal data outflow context, the main problem of citizens’ rights to information is that the exposure of personal data has been conducted against the will of the principals of information. So there is no doubt that the guarantee and security of citizens’ rights to information should be ensured to the principals of information. However, the basis to control or regulate the personal data leaks shall be provided. So it seemss reasonable to discuss how it is based on the constitution since this is a problem which is related to the restriction and guarantee of fundamental rights. Thus this papert has focused on looking for the basis in its relation with the freedom of speech and expression, the right to pursue happiness, and the freedom of thought and conscience in the constitution and provide suggestions that a study on effective legislation to keep and develop proper functions of citizens’ rights to information is needed in conclusion.

본 연구의 목적은 계획된 행동이론(Theory of Planned Behavior)과 사회규범적 접근 방법(Social Norm Approach)을 적용하여, 장기기증 서명을 이미 마친 사람들과 그렇지 않은 사람들 간의 사후 장기기증 행위에 대한 의도와 가족들의 동의획득 의도에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 비교하는데 목적이 있다. 설문은 두 교회에 연구자가 직접 방 문하여 진행됐으며, 각각의 교회는 대부분 서약을 마친 교인들이 다수인 곳과 그렇지 않은 교인들이 다수인 곳이었다. 분석 결과, 서약을 마친 참가자 집단이 그렇지 않은 참 가자 집단보다 사후 장기기증 행위에 대해 더욱 높은 행위 의도를 형성했다. 또한, 장기 기증 서약을 한 참가자 집단은 그렇지 않은 집단보다 사후장기기증 행위에 대한 긍정적 태도, 높은 주관적 규범, 지각된 통제감, 개인 차원의 명령적 규범을 가지는 것으로 분 석됐다. 다중회귀분석 결과, 사후장기기증 행위 의도를 형성하는데 있어, 서약하지 않은 참가자 집단과 주관적 규범 사이에 유의미한 상호작용 효과가 도출됐지만 장기기증을 서약한 사람들 사이에서는 유의미한 결과가 확인되지 않았다. 즉, 장기기증에 서약하지 않은 참가자 집단은 사후 장기기증의 행위 의도를 형성하는데 주관적 규범을 크게 지각 했다는 것이다. 한편, 장기기증과 관해 가족들과 대화하려는 의도에 있어서는 서약을 한 참가자 집단이 사회 차원의 기술적 규범을 제외하고는 서약을 하지 않은 참가자 집 단보다 가족들의 대화하려는 의도에 대해 긍정적 태도, 높은 주관적 규범, 지각된 통제 감, 개인 차원의 기술･명령적 규범, 사회 자원의 명령적 규범을 가지는 것으로 분석됐 다. 연구 결과의 이론적 및 실무적 함의는 논문의 결론 부분에 자세히 논의하였다.

By applying theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social norms approach (SNA), the current study investigated the effects of attitudes, perceived behavioral control (PBC), subjective norms (SN), personal descriptive norms (PDN), personal injunctive norms (PIN), societal descriptive norms (SDN), societal injunctive norms (SIN) on intentions to communicate with family members about organ donation and intentions to donate organs at the time of the death. This study compared members of two churches, one of which mostly consisted of individuals who already enrolled in an organ donor registry and the other mainly consisted of individuals who had not enrolled. The results showed that enrollee showed stronger willingness to donate organs posthumously than non-enrollee. Also, individuals who have signed showed positive attitudes and stronger SN, PBC, and PIN, but not PDN, SDN, and SIN. According to multiple regression analysis, SN was not significantly related to intentions to donate organs posthumously among enrollees, but SN was significant among non-enrollees. For family communication about organ donation, compared to non-enrollees, enrollees showed stronger intentions, attitudes, SN, PBC, PDN, PIN, and SIN, but not SDN. These findings suggest that organ donation campaigns may need to be designed with different strategies for different types of people.

This reflective essay examines writing assessment as perceived within the three paradigms of Standard English (SE), World Englishes (WEs) and English as an International Language (EIL). In each of the perspectives, the way construct of writing is theorized and then informs the assessment practice are critically investigated. Upon reviewing the three stances on writing assessment, the author argues that in the today's post-colonial and post-modern globalized world with drastically new communicative needs, the Standard English perspective which promotes the educated native speaker as the only accepted norm does not fit the realities of the writing assessment. Also, WEs perspective assessment proposal which advocate the inclusion of a variety of local norms in the theory and practice of writing assessment seems impossible in practice. Finally, drawing on EIL view it is discussed that to meet the new demands of written communication in the present globalized world with no border between the native and non-native speakers, rating scales should be modified to address new communicative needs by including the pragmatic skills of negotiation strategies, sociolinguistic awareness, accommodation strategies, etc. However, it is argued that at present due to the absence of practical tests that realize these claims, the existing International proficiency tests continue to work.