Earticle

본 연구는 무농약 재배 Pleurotus eringii 추출물을 함유한 화장품의 효능을 평가하여 새로운 천연 화장품 원료를 개발 하고자 실험을 진행하였다. Pleurotus eringii 는 우리나라 경상남도에서 무농약으로 재배된 2016년산을 구입하여 건조한 후 80% EeOH로 상온에서 추출하였다. 추출물의 항산화활성은 DPPH assay와 ROS assay로 평가하여 우수한 효능을 확인하였고, 추출물 5%를 함유한 크림팩을 제조하여 수분, 유분, pH, 색소의 항목을 평가한 결과 T-zone부위의 유, 수분 항목에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였으며, U-zone 유분변화, pH, 색소 등의 항목에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 실험군의 피부변화가 대조군에 비해 모든 항목에서 우수한 효능을 보여 Pleurotus eringii 추출물의 화장품 원료로서의 효능을 확인 할 수 있었고, 향 후 농도별, 추출조건 및 재배조건을 고려한다면 더욱 향상된 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 평가 받을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study conducted an experiment to develop new raw ingredients for natural cosmetics by evaluating the efficacy of cosmetic products containing the extracts of Pleurotus eringii mushrooms grown without agricultural chemicals. To this end, purchased were Pleurotus eringii mushrooms grown without agricultural chemicals in South Gyeongsang province, South Korea in 2016; extraction was conductedwith 80% EeOH at room temperature after dry ing them. The study identified the excellent efficacy of the extracts after evaluating the antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay and ROS assay. According to the evaluation of he categories of moisture, oil, pH and pigment after the application of a cream-type facial mask pack containing 5% of the extracts, there were significant differences in the categories of moisture and oil on the T-zone area, and no statistically significant differences in the categories of oil change on the U-zone, pH and pigment. However as the extracts of Pleurotus eringii mushrooms had excellent efficacy in all categories compared to the control group, the efficacy of the extracts as a cosmetic raw ingredient could be identified. It is expected that this study may further contribute to developing more advanced raw ingredients, given the extract and cultivation conditions by concentration.

본 논문은 통역학이라는 학문이 태동하던 시기로부터 시작하여 통역학의 연구방법론이 어떻게 발달해왔는지를 개괄하는 논문이다. 특히 조사, 관찰 실험연구 중 실험연구의 전통에 초점을 맞추고 통역학 내 실험연구의 다양한 방법론을 집중적으로 다루었다. 마지막으로 통역학에 있어 새로운 연구방법론이 어떠한 역할을 할 수 있는지를 논하면서 최근 연구방법론을 사용한 일련의 연구 사례를 소개한다.

전통음악에서 중요한 역할과 지위를 가졌던 거문고는 20세기에도 여전히 전통음악의 계승과 창작음악의 발전 속에서 그 존재감을 발휘해 왔다. 21세기 들어 거문고의 실험은 다양한 방식으로 진행되어 왔는데 창작곡에서 많은 연주기법이 개발되었고, 전통음악 내에서도 그 쓰임새를 확장 해 왔다. 또한 최상의 음질 구현, 음량의 확대, 음역을 확장하기 위하여 악기구조와 재료의 개량을 다각도로 시도하여 왔다. 이러한 시도들 가운데 거문고와 컴퓨터를 비롯한 전자기기, 전자음향과 의 접목이 눈에 띄는데 결합의 형태와 방법은 각각 독립적이지만 활동배경과 음악적 효과에 있어 서 하나의 흐름으로 연결되고 있는 점이 주목된다. 거문고는 독주악기로서 세계적인 경쟁력을 가지고 있다. 저음과 고음의 조화로 반주와 독주가 가능하며, 타악적인 특성이 강하고 다양한 음색으로 인한 주법 개발의 가능성이 높고, 무대에서 연주 시 화려한 퍼포먼스가 가능한 악기이다. 이것은 다른 악기와의 협업에도 매우 효과적이며, 거문고 음악의 활동 영역을 확장시키는데 매우 중요하다. 이러한 장점에도 불구하고, 마이크 사용 시 발생하는 역효과로 인해 상대적으로 불리한 조건에 놓여있던 거문고는 21세기 들어 오히려 더욱 적극적으로 악기에 맞는 amplifier 시스템을 개발하고 이를 이용한 음악을 만들어서 거문고 의 경쟁력을 높이는 또 다른 대안으로 발전시켜 나가고 있다. 본고에서 거문고와 일렉트로닉의 만남을 시도하고 있는 연주자와 단체의 활동에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과 새로운 창작곡과 주법들을 만들어내어 거문고의 원형성과 전자 시스템(마이 크, 컴퓨터 시스템 및 다양한 이펙터 등)의 조화로운 작업을 통하여 좋은 음악적 컨텐츠들을 만들 어 내고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통해 거문고가 가진 장점을 부각시키고, 독주악기로서, 앙상블 악기로서, 협업에 강한 악기로서 국내는 물론 해외시장에서 거문고의 경쟁력을 키워나가는데 긍 정적인 결과를 만들어 내고 있다. 21세기 들어 본격적으로 국제교류의 플랫폼들이 열리고 세계무 대의 최전방에서 소규모 국악앙상블과 독주자들이 활약하면서 개성이 강한 거문고가 그 경쟁력을 인정받기 시작한 시점에서 이러한 일렉트로닉과의 결합은 의미 있는 작업일 것이다.

Geomungo (6-string zither) is the representative Korean string instrument along with Gayageum (12-string zither). It had played an important role and had a special status in the traditional music realm, and it contributed to transmitting traditional music and developing new music in the 20th century. It has been experimenting in various ways throughout the 21st century, developing diverse playing techniques in new music and extending its usage in traditional music. In addition, the instrument itself has been modified in various respects; its structure has been complemented to maximize sound quality and its volume has been expanded. Among many experimental attempts, it is remarkable that Geomungo has been working with electronic devices including computer and electronic sound. It is also notable that the activity background and musical effect of collaborative works is connected by one flow even if its forms and methods are independent. Geomungo has world-class competitiveness as a solo instrument; the harmony of high and low range makes it possible to play as both an accompaniment and solo; its strong percussive character and various timbres allow it to easily develop playing techniques; in addition, it can present colorful performance on stage. These aspects are very effective in collaborating with other musical instruments and also very important in expanding the activity area of Geomungo music. Geomungo, which, despite these advantages, was in a relatively unfavorable condition due to the adverse effects caused by the use of microphones, has developed as the alternative of improving its competitiveness since the amplification system more suitable for Geomungo was developed at the beginning of the 21st century. This paper illustrates that the performers and groups involved in creating new music and playing techniques through working on Geomungo with the electronics have been producing good musical contents actively utilizing the electronic system such as microphones, computers, and various effecters while preserving the "originality" of Geomungo. This collaborative work creates a positive result for enhancing the competitiveness of Geomungo as a solo, for an ensemble, or for collaboration in domestic as well as international market, by emphasizing and diversifying the advantages of Geomungo. It seems to be very meaningful that Geomungo encounters with the electronic devices in the early 21st century when small traditional Korean music ensembles and soloists are active at the forefront of the world stage since the platform of international exchange has been opened, and thus Geomungo with strong personality has begun to be recognized for its competitiveness. However, it is likely that the application of the electronics remains empty as long as Geomungo players are not backed by legitimate playing techniques, deep playing skills, creativity, and the diversity of musical contents. After all, music can be bright enough to move audiences when the unique identity of its instrument, the high level of the performance, and the authenticity of the performers are alive.

본 연구에서는 소비자의 주의를 끌고 인지적 정보를 제공함으로써 구매를 유도하는 대형마트의 카테고리VM 연출이 소비자의 점내 구매행위에 미치는 영향에 대하여 탐색적 고찰을 실시하였다. 수도권 소재 대형마트 4곳에 서 틴스킨케어 상품의 VM연출 유형을 4가지로 구분하여 설치 전과 후의 소비자의 구매행태의 변화를 POS데이 터를 통하여 분석하였다. 결과에 의하면 소비자들은 네 가지의 VM연출 유형중 상품표시와 정보전달을 병행연출 한 경우에 구매에 가장 큰 변화를 보였다. 이어서 상품표시, 상품표시와 상품체험의 병행 연출 순으로 구매에 긍 정적인 효과가 나타났다. 그러나 소비자들은 상품표시, 상품체험, 정보전달도구가 동시에 연출된 VM에 대해서는 구매에 별다른 변화를 보이지 않았다. 소비자들의 대형마트 내 구매행위에 미치는 카테고리 VM연출의 중요성을 확인시켜준 결과로서 특히 소비자들은 상품의 위치의 정확한 파악에 필요한 상품표시용 VM과 상품의 기능, 특 성을 명확하게 전달해 주는 정보전달용 VM에 대하여 가장 긍정적인 반응을 보여주었다. 즉 여러 가지 VM연출 도구가 함께 연출된 경우보다 진열상품의 종류가 명확히 강조되고, 상품선택에 필요한 정보가 간단명료하게 제공 된 경우 소비자의 구매량과 평균 구매단가가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 소비자 반응을 바탕으로 대형마 트의 상품 카테고리VM 연출전략의 방향성, 세부적인 실행방안과 관련한 실무적 시사점, 대형마트 내의 소비자 구매행위를 설명, 예측에 기여하는 카테고리 VM의 영향력에 대한 이론적 시사점을 논의하였다. 이와 함께 대형 마트 VM전술이 내포하고 있는 문제점을 중심으로 소비자 정책수립과 관련한 몇 가지 제안사항을 논의하였다.

One of the strategies that have been widely embraced by discount stores is the so-called ‘category management’ system, in which a supplier and a distributor cooperate with each other to strategically improve the sales performance of particular product categories. This exploratory study focuses on one of the executional tactics of category management discount stores employ, category VM (visual merchandising). Specifically, this study identifies three salient elements of category VM, including product identification, information delivery, and product experience, and examines the effects of these elements on consumers' purchase behavior. The results from a quasi-experiment conducted in four different in-store sites in the suburban areas of Seoul show some interesting findings. First, the use of VM elements for both product identification and information delivery purposes is found to have significant effects on purchase behavior. And, when these two elements are combined with each other or with product experience element, there is still positive effects on purchase. However, when the three elements are used altogether on the same shelf, the sales effects diminish. Some managerial and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed from the consumer behavior perspective.

오늘날 급변하고 있는 현대 사회는 20세기 후반 계속되고 있는 포스트모더니즘의 영향으로 대중예술 및 패션영역의 확대와 전통에 대한 우리의 기대가 파괴되고 재구성됨으로써 새로운 영역이 확장되고 있으며 이에 메이크업디자인은 디자이너가 표현하고자 하는 패션이미지와 디자인 컨셉을 설명할 수 있는 중요한 역할과 함께 패션트렌드를 주도하는 독자적인 디자인영역으로 발전하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 21세기 전반에 대두가 되고 있는 복합적 요소로 조합된 맥시멀리즘(Maximalism)의 특성을 유형화하여 유형화된 특징들을 연대별･시즌별 메이크업디자인의 발표경향 분석과 유형별 메이크업디자인의 분석을 통하여 국외 컬렉션에 나타난 메이크업디자인에 어떻게 표현되었는지를 분석하고자 함에 목적을 두고자 한다. 본 연구의 결과는 첫째, 연대별･시즌별 맥시멀리즘 메이크업디자인의 전체적인 발표경향을 통하여 장식성은 다소 낮은 출현빈도에도 불구하고 해를 거듭할수록 늘고 있는 추세의 발표결과를 나타냄으로써 향후 국외 컬렉션에서는 꾸준하게 발표될 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 맥시멀리즘 특징을 이용한 메이크업디자인의 유형 중 과장성은 기본적인 메이크업요소를 확대하거나 과장하여 기존의 정형화되고 완벽함에서 벗어난 이미지를 과도하게 극대화하여 표현하고 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 셋째, 장식성은 메이크업요소의 변형과 인체의 정형화된 아름다움을 고의로 부정하고 추상적이고 생물적인 조화로 해학적인 장식적 이미지를 표현하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 넷째, 실험성은 이목구비 형태를 무시, 왜곡하거나 괴기스럽고 부자연스러운 이미지로 절망, 공포 등 미적기준에 어긋나는 극단적인 그로테스크(grotesque)한 감정과 동시에 예술적 효과와 퍼포먼스적인 효과를 혼합하여 나타내는 메이크업 현상이 두드러졌다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 자유롭고 주관적인 개성과 미적가치에 따라 폭넓고 다양한 기법으로 표현되어지고 있는 메이크업디자인의 무제한적 미의 수용들을 분석함으로써 향후 메이크업디자인의 표현영역 확대에 기여하고 새로운 표현가능성을 열어주는데 의의가 있다.

Rapid changes in modern society are leading to expansions of public art and fashion and destruction and reconstruction of people’s expectations of tradition under the influence of postmodernism since the latter half of the 20th century. In accordance with this tendency, make-up design plays an important role for designers to express their intended fashion image and design concept and is developing into a design field of its own. This study aims at materializing the characteristics of maximalism associated with complex factors appearing throughout the 21st century, and analyzing how the materialized characteristics express exaggeration, experimentation and decoration in make-up designs of overseas collection through a study of the trend of make-up designs according to year and season and classified by types. The results of this study are as follows. First, the general trends according to year and season showed that as years went by, frequency of the decoration increased in spite of a rather low frequency in general. Second, there was a tendency to express exaggeration by expanding and exaggerating the fundamental make-up factors of an existing standard and breaking away from existing ideas of perfection. Third, decoration was expressed in a witty way by transforming make-up factors and denying the beauty of a human body on purpose. Lastly, experimentation was expressed not only as a mixture of art or performance effect but as extremely grotesque emotions different from the aesthetic standard such as despair and horror, and mysterious and unnatural images by distorting the shape of the ears, eyes, mouth or nose. The significance of this study is in expanding the field of expression in make-up design and opening new possibilities of expression by analyzing the unlimited aesthetic acceptance expressed by wide and various techniques in accordance with free and subjective personalities and the aesthetic value.

Cette étude vise à vérifier la conviction largement répandue qu’un niveau élevé d’exactitude lors de l’exécution de l'interprétation simultanée des nombres peut être atteint avec un entrainement basé sur l’isolement des nombres. Les chiffres ou les numéros constituent un problème bien connu pour les interprètes travaillant dans des langues dont les systèmes numériques sont très différents. L’interprétation des nombres a été une partie importante du programme de formation et différentes méthodes ont été employées selon les formateurs. Une expérience a été menée afin d’évaluer l'efficacité de deux méthodes de formation pour l'amélioration des performances des interprètes à traduire les nombres de l'anglais vers le chinois. Le résultat de cette expérience indique que la performance globale du groupe testé qui avait reçu un entrainement à la fois avec des nombres en isolement et avec des nombres avec référent, était plus élevée que celle du groupe n’ayant reçu un entrainement qu’avec des nombres en isolation.

본 연구는 실제 기부 현장에서 타인의 기부행동 정보와 개인의 기부행동 간에 어떠한 관련성이 있는지를 탐색해보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국구세군의 협조를 얻어 2년에 걸친 구세군 자선냄비 현장모금 실험을 실시하였으며, 타인의 기부행동에 대한 정보는 돈을 가득 채운 통, 돈을 채우지 않은 통, 안이 보이지 않는 통의 세 가지 수준으로 제공하였다. 분산분석 결과, 1차년도와 2차년도 실험 모두 통별 기부인원 및 1인당 기부금액에 있어 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 외생변수의 영향력을 고려한 회귀분석 결과에서도 통에 따른 기부인원 및 기부금액의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이같은 결과는 타인의 기부행동 정보가 개인의 기부행동에 영향을 주지 않음을 시사하는 것이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 새로운 연구방법을 적용하여 시민들의 실제적 기부행동에 대한 이해를 확장시키고 향후 후속 연구를 위한 발판을 제공한다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다.

Competing theories predict that others' contributions might be either substitutes or complements to one's own. Based on such competing theoretical discussions, this study attempted to examine the relationship between information about other citizens’ giving behavior and citizens’ giving. To achieve study objective, this study utilized a natural field experiment that investigates citizens’ voluntary contributions to three types of kettle (transparent kettle with no money, transparent kettle with a large amount of bills and coinage, and red invisible kettle) during Salvation Army Red Kettle Campaign in 2011 and 2012. The experiment took place at subway stations which does not differences in the amount donated in previous years. In this field experiment, this study manipulated information about other citizens’ giving behavior available to citizens by altering the different red kettle donation boxes. This study found that there are no positive or negative information effect on individual citizens’ contributions. The results did not show either crowding-out effect or crowing-in effect. Thus, this study showed that social information has statistically non-significant impact on the propensity to donate and the amount donated.

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People collectively understand and often use information and knowledge as terms in a variety of contexts without concern nor discussion of their many competing conceptual and theoretical definitions. The concepts of information and knowledge are intrinsically linked and suffer some of the same problems when scholars try to define them, especially when truth is a prerequisite. This theory paper presents a simple thought experiment that relates the reliabilist and truth-tracking analyses of knowledge with the physical and cognitive paradigms of information, respectively. The results of the thought experiment are discussed within the context of the Post-Truth era, with implications and applications for information literacy.

In this study, we investigated whether a tool such as a game toy can be used as an augmented reality tool, and a system model that can be extended to a game element using wireless communication technology such as Bluetooth and a controllable module. This is an online ship type game using augmented reality technology and wireless communication technology. In addition, the existing game element was extended by applying a smartphone app control module. The existing game method uses the method of playing the game with only limited functions in the same space. This study expands to augmented reality-based games by implementing contents in a way that matches game objects with the grafting of augmented reality technology, and uses various items that emerge as the limit of reality. Therefore, we standardized the size of game objects so that they can be used three-dimension in all spaces on the screen according to the space arrangement such as overlapping prevention, distance, and height, and augmented reality technology was used to allow the game to be played by manipulation of a smartphone. In addition, we propose a system framework-based model that can be applied to various games, and a framework that can implement various augmented reality environments. The augmented reality-based battle game proposed in this study combines a knowledge-based augmented reality system that can be extended to game elements by modularizing the function of a toy through+ a context-aware agent based on context information and an intelligent DB based on domain knowledge.

-50oC에서 -200oC 범위에서 액화하여 사용하는 극저온 기술은 질소, 수소, 헬륨 등의 가스를 액화하는데 주로 이용되 었지만 최근 고분자 재료, 기계 가공, 유전자원 보존, 합금 기술, 로켓 추진제, LNG 관련 분야 등 여러 분야로 확대되어 발전되고 있다. 이러한 극저온 유체를 보관하는 저장용기에서 외부 열유입으로 인한 BOG 발생은 탱크 내부의 구조 안 정성뿐만 아니라 전체 시스템에 위험을 야기할 수 있다. 또한 운반과정에서 움직임으로 인한 rotation 현상은 탱크 내부 유체의 대류현상에 영향을 미쳐 발생 BOG에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 SPH 해석방법을 이용해 rotation 강도 에 따라 탱크내부 환경이 어떻게 변하는지 해석하였으며 실험을 통해 비교, 연구하였다.

Cryogenic technology used to liquefy nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium in the range of -50oC ~ -200oC . Recently, it has expanded into various fields such as polymer materials, machining, genetic resource conservation, alloy technology, rocket propellants, and LNG. The occurrence of BOG due to heat ingress in storage container storing such a cryogenic fluid can posed danger not only to the structural stability inside the tank, but also to the entire storage system. In addition, the phenomenon of rotation due to movement during transport may affect the convection of fluid inside the tank, which may affect the generated BOG. In this paper, the SPH analysis method was used to analyze how the environment inside the tank changes according to the rotation strength, and compared and studied through experiments.

This paper deals with harmonic components of the voltage on high temperature superconducting wire carrying an alternating current. HTS wire is used to manufacture superconducting power applications carrying an alternating current. Typically, international standard, IEC 61788-3 is used for critical current measurement. Thus, it is not ideal that critical current criteria in dc are adapted to superconducting power devices to decide the operating current of the devices. In this paper, we confirmed odd harmonic voltage on HTS wires carrying an AC. The ratio between harmonic components and fundamental component can be significant clues to decide the critical current criteria for HTS wire and its power applications in AC circumstance.

Research has acknowledged Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) as one efficacious method for leveraging language proficiency across skills and components, leaving the investigation on language learners’ motivation and emotional intelligence of peripheral focus, albeit being essential drives for academic success. This study seeks to fill the gaping void by investigating the impact of team-based mobile learning (TBML) as an instructional framework to leverage EFL learners’ online learning engagement (OLE), trait emotional intelligence (TEI), and EFL learning motivation. This instructional framework involves a mobile instant messenger (MIM), Telegram, to support collaborative learning both within and beyond class hours. Employing a quasi-experimental approach, the study involved 475 undergraduate students at an Indonesian state university across majors, including nursing, management, science education, and non-formal education, with ages ranging from 18 to 22 years. The findings corroborate significant increment in the abovementioned dimensions resulting from TBML, as opposed to the unworthy increase associated with computer-based LMS. Moderate positive correlations also exist among three pertinent variables. Implications suggest how TBML accords English learners with the authentic learning community armed with myriads discourse resources to empower their multidimensional engagement in meaningful literacy practices.

Background: Several studies have reported that wild mushrooms contain high amounts of radioactive cesium (137Cs). After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, a significantly high concentration of 137Cs has been detected in wild mushrooms, and their consumption may be the cause of the chronic internal exposure of local consumers to radioactivity. Therefore, an accurate evaluation of the internal radioactivity resulting from mushroom ingestion is needed. Materials and Methods: The 137Cs elution rate through the cooking and digestion stages was evaluated using in vitro experiments. The edible mushroom Pleurotus djamor was taken as a sample for the experiments. The mushrooms were cultivated onto solid media containing 137Cs. We evaluated the internal dose based on the actual conditions using the elution rate data. For various cooking methods, the results were compared with those of other wild edible mushrooms. Results and Discussion: From the elution experiment through cooking, we proved that 25%– 55% of the 137Cs in the mushrooms was released during soaking, boiling, or frying. The results of a simulated digestion experiment after cooking revealed that almost all the 137Cs in the ingested mushrooms eluted in the digestive juice, regardless of the cooking method. The committed effective dose was reduced by 20%–75% when considering the dissolution through the cooking process. Conclusion: We found that cooking lowers 137Cs concentration in mushrooms, therefore reducing the amount of radioactivity intake. Besides, since there were differences between mushroom types, we demonstrated that the internal exposure dose should be evaluated in detail considering the release of 137Cs during the cooking stages.

Background: Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a new radiation therapy. In BNCT, there exists some very critical problems that should be solved. One of the severest problems is that the treatment effect cannot be known during BNCT in real time. We are now developing a SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) system (BNCT-SPECT), with a cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductor detector. BNCT-SPECT can obtain the BNCT treatment effect by measuring 478 keV gamma-rays emitted from the excited state of 7Li nucleus created by 10B(n,α) 7Li reaction. In the previous studies, we investigated the feasibility of the BNCTSPECT system. As a result, the S/N ratio did not meet the criterion of S/N > 1 because deterioration of the S/N ratio occurred caused by the influence of Compton scattering especially due to capture gamma-rays of hydrogen. Materials and Methods: We thus produced an arrayed detector with two CdTe crystals to test cross talk phenomenon and to examine an anti-coincidence detection possibility. For more precise analysis for the anti-coincidence detection, we designed and made a collimator having a similar performance to the real BNCT-SPECT. Results and discussion: We carried out experiments with the collimator to examine the effect of cross talk of scattering gamma-rays between CdTe elements more practically. As a result of measurement the coincidence events were successfully extracted. Conclusion: We are now planning to carry out evaluation of coincidence rate from the measurement and comparison of it with the numerical calculations.