Earticle

A series of non-free hydride reducing systems containing boron or aluminum atom, which possess no metal-hydride bond but an available hydrogen at a branched β-position, has been applied to the selective reduction (chemo--, regio-, and stereoselective reduction) of organic compounds. The systems, comprised of diisopinocampheylborane and diisobutylalane derivatives, exhibited almost perfect selectivities in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones. The characteristics features of this systems leading to a perfect transformation have been depicted in this report, especially in the 1) Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds to Allylic Alcohols via 1,2-Reduction, 2) Chemoselective Reduction between Structurally Different Carbonyl Compounds, and 3) Stereoselective Reduction of Cyclic Ketones.

Objectives: The current usage and definition of the concept of harm reduction derive from the drug field, rather than from the long history of formal and informal regulation of alcohol-related harms. Harm reduction programs can be applied in the alcohol prevention field. Therefore, the objective of this study was to outline harm reduction activities that have been recorded globally. Methods: In terms of the literature in Europe, America and Australia, reports of governmental agencies and research papers were reviewed. In the case of foreign countries, research papers on the laws, systems, and current situation of public drinking and other alcohol control policies were examined. Focus group interviews were conducted with four alcohol policy experts. Results: Minimizing heavy drinking occasions, or using special glassware that breaks into fine particles instead of sharp pieces were one of harm reduction approaches to decrease the negative consequences of alcohol use. The results showed that alcohol harm reduction policies have demonstrated that such approaches to alcohol-related problems are at least as effective as abstinence-oriented approaches in reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. The limitations of harm reduction and recommendations for future research are discussed. Conclusion: Policies of alcohol harm reduction may receive increased attention as public support declines for restrictions on alcohol availability, and new evidence emerges on the potential benefits of moderate alcohol consumption.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of reducing particulate matter (PM) and air pollution levels by the pilot operation of vehicle rating system which was recently implemented in the Green Transportation Zone of Seoul. Differences-in-difference models are used as to analyze the reduction effect. PM and air pollution data are used as dependent variables; and meteorological, traffic, calendar day data as control variables. According to model, PM10 levels decreased by 2.357㎍ /m³ and PM2.5 by 1.8㎍/m³ during the pilot operation. Also, NO2 levels went down by 0.00755ppm. Findings of this study confirms that limiting vehicles that discharge air pollutants in the city helps keep PM and air pollution levels lower. The accomplishments in the pilot operation may provide positive expectations towards the actual operation of the policy.

In this study, high-performance bio-adsorbent beads composed of cellulose and lignin were developed to efficiently remove carcinogenic Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater. The cellulose-lignin beads were crosslinked and grafted with polyamine to enhance surface functionality. The fabricated beads were characterized through physicochemical analyses and tested for Cr(VI) removal performance. The amine-functionalized beads exhibited a high Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of 326.8 mg/g, demonstrating significant removal efficiency. Additionally, the beads exhibited mechanical durability and recyclability, performing effectively in continuous adsorption processes. The removal of Cr(VI) was facilitated by electrostatic interactions, chelation, complexation, and reduction mechanisms. This provides an effective approach for utilizing lignocellulosic biomass to treat wastewater contaminated with toxic metal ions.

Medicinal plants are a notable source of natural products which are of great importance for clinical purposes, including the development of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry and the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Hypertension, or high blood pressure (BP), is among the most prominent modifiable risk factors of CVD—a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and health spending worldwide. Despite a plethora of synthetic treatment options, lower treatment targets have been pushed for hypertension management as synthetic treatments pose many risks to adverse effects. In this review, studies from 2006 to 2022 were used to evaluate the efficacy of a widely-used natural product in Asia, curcumin derived from Curcuma longa L., in regulating BP. Its potential in CVD treatment has been illustrated in several research studies through identifying its cardiovascular protective properties. Curcumin was reported to be able to prevent hypertension and vascular remodeling, protect against vascular dysfunction, regulate AT1R expression, and alleviate oxidative stress, among others. Because of the importance of a healthy vascular endothelium and renin-angiotensin system in regulating arterial BP, curcumin’s demonstrated outcomes in these areas suggest its potential in regulating BP. However, more formal clinical studies must be done to further verify its cardiovascular protective properties.

새만금 간척지의 농지 간척 사업은 대부분 2020 년까지 완공 될 예정이며, 그 시기 토지의 관개용수 활용에 대한 대비가 필요한 실정이다. 그러나 관개수의 수질은 드물게 목표 농도를 충족하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 논에서의 최적관리기법(BMPs) 인 토양검정시비(SO#1), SO#1과 SO#3의 복합처리(SO#2), 배수물꼬(SO#3), 완효성 비료시비 (SO#4) 방법을 관행재배 (CT: Control)와 비교하여 논 비점오염원 저감효과 및 정책개발 시의 고려사항을 기술하였다. 논에서의 유출 저감은 SO#3(25%) 와 SO#1(27%)에서 관행재배와 비교하였을 때 상대적으로 높았으나, SO#4 (9%)와 SO#2(7%)에서 낮게 나타났다. 논 유출량의 NPS 오염물질 농도와 부하는 변화의 폭이 높게 나타났으며 BMPs 중에 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 농민들의 인식조사 결과, 농민들은 실제 BMP 구현의 한계로 기존 관행적인 영농활동을 유지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 NPS 오염물질 관리와 관개수 절약을 위해서 농민 교육 및 지원과 함께 관개물꼬 및 논의 담수심을 자동 조절할 수 있는 관리 방안이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Agricultural land reclamation in Saemangeum tidal land project is mostly planned to be completed by 2020. Irrigation water for the land is required to be prepared by that time. However, water quality for the irrigation sources is barely meet the target concentration. This paper described the reduction effect of and policy consideration for best management practices (BMPs) which were fertilizer prescription by soil test (SO#1), mixed application of SO#1 and 3 (SO#2), drainage gate control (SO#3), time-release fertilizer application (SO#4), and control (CT). Reduction of paddy runoff was relatively higher in SO#3 (25%) and SO#1 (27%) while lower in SO#4 (9%) and SO#2 (7%) than that in CT. In addition, farmers promised to follow the BMP guidelines but they didn’t because of the several problems caused for the BMPs implementation. Thus, it recommended developing an automated control of irrigation gate and paddy water depth and supporing farmers for NPS pollution control and irrigation water reduction.

Low-carbon landscape architecture requires proper design and construction to enhance carbon sequestration through greenspace enlargement and to reduce carbon emissions through fossil fuel saving. This study reviewed the growth and development of low-carbon landscape design over time in Korea and explored essential issues and tasks of the field for the future. A quantitative research on low-carbon urban landscape was started from the middle of the 1990s. The initial research quantified a role of urban greenspace in sequestering and storing atmospheric carbon. In the late 1990s, a few studies estimated effects of tree planting on heating and cooling energy savings and explored low-carbon planting design around buildings. A research on urban greenspace management was conducted at that time to quantify energy consumption and carbon release from mowing, pruning, irrigation, and fertilization. The studies about carbon sequestration by urban landscape trees in the initial stage applied biomass equations from forest trees. In the 2010s, quantitative models to estimate carbon sequestration of urban landscape trees were developed through a direct havesting method. The models found out a significant difference from carbon sequestration of forest trees and contributed to ensuring the reliability of carbon estimates for urban open-grown trees. A research work in the middle 2010s estimated carbon emissions from manufacture of wood landscape facilities including pergola, bench, and deck. However, there are still few design and construction practices regarding carbon sequestration and reduction in Korea. Future essential tasks for carbon sequestration in the field of landscape architecture require establishment of greenspace supply indicator to offset carbon emissions, carbon input into and output from urban soils, carbon emissions from greenspace management, and design criteria for greenspace types. The tasks for energy saving and carbon reduction include low-carbon eco-design and construction of landscape facilities, landscape material and resource recycling, and low-carbon spatial and road design.

본 논문은 마리옹의 증여이론을 데리다와의 비교 가운데서 해석해보고자 했다. 마리옹은 후설의 환원개념을 급진화시키면서 환원작업을 구성하는 심급들이 주체의 내재성에 머무는 것이 아니라 현상의 새로운 지평으로 환원될 수 있다고 주장한다. 이런 논거의 중심에는 증여라는 단어의 두 가지 뜻이 있다. 이 단어는 주어진 것과 주는 행위 둘 다를 함의한다. 후설의 현상에 대한 비판 속에서 마리옹의 증여이론은 현상학적 증여가 현시나 나타남에 의해서 조건지워지는 것이 아니라 그것들에 선행한다는 것이다. 증여의 본질을 명확히 하기 위해서, 마리옹은 증여의 모든 심급에 선행하는 증여함, 증여활동의 선행성으로부터 ‘환원하면 존재하면 할수록 더 많은 증여가 존재한다’라는 명제를 도출한다. 이는 증여만이 유일하게 절대적이고 자유로우며 무조건적이기 때문이다.

This article suggests the interpretation of Marion’s gift theory in comparison with Derrida’s one. Jean-Luc Marion radicalizes the Husserlian reduction by showing that the fundamental instances which accomplish these operation without remaining in the immanence of subject could themselves be reduced to the new horizon of phenomenon. Central to this argument is double meaning of the term<givenness(donation in french)>. This term implies the fact that something is given and to the act of giving and therefore have a substantive and verbal meaning. In the criticism of Husserlian phenomenology, the claim of Marion’s gift theory lies in the way in which phenomenological givenness is not conditioned by the metaphysical principals but precedes them. In order to clarifier the essence of gift, Marion derive the third reduction ‘So more reduction, so more givenness’, from the anteriority of giving and givenness over all other instances of gift. Because Givenness alone is absolute, free and without condition.

슬러지 열가용화 시험을 위하여 파일럿 장치를 사용하였다. 슬러지의 습식산화 조건(250℃ 이상, 40 atm, 산화제 주입)에 필요한 높은 에너지를 사용하지 않고, 열가용화 조건(175~200℃, 18~20 atm, 산화제 주입 없음)을 이용하여 200℃, 20 atm, RT=60 min 에서 최적의 운전조건을 나타냈으며, 가용화에 의한 슬러지 내 미생물의 세포벽을 파괴함으로써 전체 SS제거율 60%를 달성하였다. 또한 가용화된 고분자 물질을 혐기소화에 유용하게 이용할 수 있도록 저분자 물질로 전환시켜 전환율(TVFA/SCOD)을 평가한 결과 20% 이상의 결과를 얻었다. 슬러지의 열가용화 전처리를 통하여 혐기소화조에서 OLR(Organic Loading Rate)를 향상시킬수 있었고, 높아진 혐기소화율을 기초로 가스 발생량도 월등한 슬러지 열가용화 시스템의 구축이 가능하였다.

Pilot scale system was used to test sludge thermo-solubilization. Without using energy for wet oxidation condition (250℃, 40 atm, oxidant addition), optimized operating conditions were attained at 200℃, 20 atm, RT=60 min and total SS removal efficiency of 60% due to the destruction of microbial cell wall in the sludge was achieved under thermosolubilization condition (175~200℃, 18~20 atm, no addition of oxidant). More than 20% of molecular weight conversion rate (TVFA/SCOD) was obtained for anaerobic digestion through transition of a higher molecular matter into lower one. Sludge thermo-solubilization for anaerobic digestion pretreatment enabled the improvement of OLR (organic loading rate) and the establishment of higher biogas production system based on the increased anaerobic digestion rate.

The number of industrial accident victims in the construction industry accounts for 1/3 of those in the entire industries and about 30% of the total compensation costs are spent in the construction industry. As such, the construction industry is a typical industry causing numerous safety accidents. This study analyzes the status of industrial accidents in small scale construction sites to build maximum five-story buildings by examining statistical data for the past five years, investigating those construction sites and conducting interviews with the workers. This study also seeks the causes of and measures for industrial accidents in the small scale construction industry through comparison with relevant systems. The findings are as follows: (1) To reduce hazard rate, shaping the working environment and safety measures that take into account the physically weak classes of the middle aged and the aging are urgently required, because 62.9% of the industrial accidents in the construction industry occurred to those who are 50 years of age or older. (2) The hazard rate at small scale construction sites with less than 10 construction workers accounts for 55% of that of the entire industries. The government, in this context, needs to support finance or technology and improve system by selecting the small scale construction sites, where industrial accidents occur frequently. (3) Because the hazard rate of unskilled workers with less than 6 months of work experience accounts for 90.95% of the total, safety education needs to be concentrated on those unskilled workers. (4) The relevant standards need to be segmented and revised and bolstered, given that 64.79% of death disaster in the construction industry occurs in the temporary structures including scaffolds and ladders.

본 논문은 무위적 디자인을 통하여 삶에 유익한 디자인의 방법론을 제시하고자 하였다. 즉, 삶에 유익한 디자 인은 필요에 의해서 이루어져야 한다는 디자인논의로써 무위적으로 접근하는 방법을 살펴본 것이다. 필요에 의해서 이루어지는 디자인을 쓰임에 이로운 결과로 보았을 때 필요가 없음에도 생산된 디자인은 삶에 해로울 수밖에 없는 상대적 관점에서 무위를 중심으로 전개될 수 있는 디자인의 가능성을 논하였다. 논의된 내용으로는 무위에 대한 이해를 기반으로 디자인될 수 있는 현상으로써 전통, 자연, 디자인에서 사례 를 도출하였으며, 방법적 측면에서는‘없음, 안함, 줄임’과 같은 개념을 이론으로 제시하였다. 전체적인 논문의 흐름은 노자 도덕경의 비움(虛)를 통하여 구조화되도록 하였는데, 비움이 시대적 이슈로 보여지 지만 기존 디 자인산업의 현상적 차원에서는 생소할 수 있으므로 무위적 디자인에 대한 올바른 이해 또한 본 논문을 통하여 다소나마 제고되기를 기대하였다.

This study aims to present methodology of design which is beneficial to life through Moowee design. That is, this discussion on design argues that design beneficial to life should be conducted by needs and this study identifies how to approach design from a view of Moowee. When design conducted by needs is considered as a beneficial result in use, design produced without needs must be harmful to life. In this relative view, this study identifies values of design with the focus on Moowee. The discussion presents cases of tradition, nature, and design which can be designed on the basis of understanding Moowee. The method of 'nothing, none, and reduction' is developed as a theory. The overall flow has been structured through emptiness of Tao Te Ching by Laozi. Emptiness is an issue of the times, but it may be neglected and distorted from a view of the existing design industry. Thus, it is expected to understand Moowee design properly through this study.

한국과 일본 제품 간의 포장공간비율, 포장재 사용량을 분석하여 양국의 포장재 사용현황을 비교하였으며, 국내 제 과류 포장의 개선 방향을 제시하기 위하여 국내 제품을 재 설계하여 원천감량 가능성을 알아보았다. 일본제품이 한국 제품보다 전반적으로 단위 제품 당 적은 포장 면적을 이용 하고 있으며, 상대적으로 낮은 공간비율을 보여 국내의 제 품보다 작은 포장에 많은 양의 제품을 충전하고 있는 것으 로 나타났다. 또한 일본 제품의 필름을 분석한 결과, 재질 이 단순화된 2중의 올레핀계열의 필름을 많이 이용하고 있 음에도 상대적으로 좁은 실링폭의 포장설계가 많았다. 출시 된 국내 제품과 비교하여 포장 공간 용적과 실링폭을 감소 시킨 원천감량 포장 샘플을 설계해봄으로써 국내 제과류의 경우 15% 이상의 원천감량이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

Confectionary and food products were collected from Korea and Japan. Types of packaging structure, amount of packaging materials used, basis weight of paperboard, and product to packaging ratio were evaluated for understanding confectionery and food packaging in both countries. Also, new packaging samples were designed and fabricated for reducing the use of packaging resources and for optimizing the product to packaging ratio. Korean confectionary products showed much higher empty space inside package than that of Japanese products, while food products were not significantly different between tow countries. There were no significant differences in the basis weight of paperboard collected. All of the re-designed confectionary products showed more than 15% saving in packaging resource compared to current confectionary products.

Some recommended procedures for obtaining aldehydes from carboxylic acid itself and its derivatives, which have been developed in relatively recent years, are summarized. Such procedures should provide a new practical methodology to synthesize the desired aldehyde products in high yields.

Organometallic polymers containing spirosilole unit have been interested, since spirosiloles has a unique optical and electronic properties. New functionalized spirosiloles (2,5-dibromo-3,4,6,7,8,9-hexaphenylspirosilole, DBHPSS) have been synthesized from the reduction of bis(1,1-phenylethynyl)-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsilole with lithium naphthalenide for the possible applications in optics. DBHPSS has been characterized by 1H-NMR, fluorescence, and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Bis(phenylethynyl)tetraphenylsilole displays an emission maxima at 490 nm with an excitation wavelength of 380 nm. However, DBHPSS displays an emission maxima at 550 nm with an excitation wavelength of 420 nm.

Purpose: In numerous studies, MBSR programs have been shown to reduce stress and improve health-related QOL. Although MBSR programs have been shown to be beneficial, its effects have not been well-determined among Korean populations in clinical nursing practice. The purpose of this review was to describe the effects of MBSR on stress and health-related QOL so that the potential benefits of this intervention may be evaluated for wider application in Korea. Methods: Articles published in peer-reviewed journals in the English or Korean language up to 2009 were reviewed; 14 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review and there were no Korean papers. Results: MBSR groups were found to have significantly reduced stress outcomes relative to non-MBSR groups in 6 of 11 studies. In regards to health-related QOL, participants of the MBSR programs had increased scores after MBSR intervention relative to control groups in 5 of 7 studies. Conclusion: MBSR programs was effective in decreasing stress and increased the health-related QOL in the majority of studies reviewed. MBSR merits study in Korean patients to determine whether similar salutary patient outcomes may be obtained.

The filter bank multi-carrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC/OQAM) is extensively utilized in communication scenarios characterized by severe Doppler interference, owing its remarkable ability for precise time?frequency positioning concentration. However, the distinctive staggered superposition structure leads to an additional increase in peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In this letter, we discover that the unique superposition structure results in a high likelihood of abnormal minima in FBMC/OQAM, consequently diminishing the efficacy of the general companding transform scheme relying on Gaussian distribution for PAPR reduction. Thus, we introduce a general companding transform scheme based on the Laplace distribution. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme offers a 3 dB advantage in PAPR reduction compared to the traditional general companding scheme, while also maintaining a nearly 1 dB advantage in BER.

Objective To delineate whether cortical plasticity induced by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) differed according to catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphism in healthy older adults.Methods Eighteen healthy older volunteers (mean age 73.78±5.04; 12 females and 6 males) were recruited. Volunteers randomly assigned in either a sham-first or real cTBS first group participated in two separate TMS visits with at least a 2-day wash-out period. Genotyping was carried out at baseline by a separate researcher who was blinded. cTBS was delivered in a hot spot over M1 at an active motor threshold of 80%. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained at 120% of the resting motor threshold before and after sham/cTBS.Results The relative MEP to baseline was significantly decreased 0 and 10 minutes post-stimulation and increased 40 minutes post-stimulation, as compared with the sham condition. Immediately after cTBS, the Val/Val group had a significantly reduced relative MEP value, as compared with the MET carrier group. Conclusion In healthy older persons, cTBS-induced motor plasticity was reduced in the COMT Val/Val group as compared with the 158Met carrier group.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of low crude protein (CP) level with essential amino acids (AA) addition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, microbiota, and volatile fatty acid composition in growing pigs. A total of 160 growing pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc [LYD]; average initial body weight 16.68 ± 0.12 kg) were randomly allotted to one of the four treatments on the basis of initial body weight. A randomized complete block design was used to conduct this experiment in the Research Center of Animal Life Sciences at Kangwon National University. There were ten pigs/replicate with four replicates in each treatment. The treatments include; CON (Control, 17.2% dietary CP level), low protein (LP)-1.10 (15.7% dietary CP level + 1.10% lysine level), LP-1.15 (15.7% dietary CP level + 1.15% lysine level), LP1.2 (15.7% dietary CP level + 1.20% lysine level). The pigs fed CON and LP-1.2 diet showed greater final body weight than that of LP-1.1 diet (p < 0.05). Although average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency did not show any difference in phase 2 and 3, average daily gain and feed efficiency was significantly greater in CON and LP-1.20 in phase 1. However, the average daily feed intake did not show any difference during the experimental period. Isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid composition of LP treatments were lower than CON treatment in phase 2. Total branched chain fatty acid composition was significantly lower in LP treatment in phases 1 and 2. However, there was no significant difference among treatments in phase 3. The results of this study underscore the importance of AA supplementation when implementing a low-protein diet during the early growth phase (16?50 kg) in pigs.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique for high-speed data transmission in wireless communications. In an OFDM system, a large number of subcarriers are used to transmit the modulated symbols and consequently, the OFDM signals have a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). To reduce the high PAPR, we propose a partial transmit sequence (PTS) method based on the adaptive particle swarm optimization. Also, the proposed method efficiently search the optimal combination of phase rotation factors to decrease the computational complexity. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly has reduced the PAPR and computational complexity.