Earticle

시간의 흐름에 따라 변하지 않는 것이 없듯이, 철학적 사유도 시대의 상황에 따라 변화를 거듭한다. 이러한 의미에서 본 논문은 근대 이전의 신 중심 사회의 신화(神話)로부터 벗어난 근대의 자유 혹은 자율성의 시대도 또 하나의 신화임을 논증하고자 한다. 우선, 정치적 의미에서 근대적 자유(주의)의 출발점이 되는 로크의 개인주체의 자유 개념과 개인주체의 자율성을 철학적 원리로서 확립한 칸트의 자율성 개념을 해-체함으로써 근대 주체의 자유 혹은 자율성이 불가능한 근거, 달리 말해 근대 주체의 자율성이 신화(神話)임을 살펴볼 것이다. 그런데 자율성은 바로 개인주체의 자율성이므로, 자율성의 신화는 곧 개인주체의 신화이다. 개인주체가 해-체임을 보여준다면 그 신화도 폭로될 것이다. 그런 다음, 오늘날 이론적으로나 실천적으로 첨예하게 대립하고 있는 자유주의와 공동체주의의 주체 개념을 비교․비판함으로써 주체의 자유가 현실적으로 어떻게 실현될 수 있는지 살펴보도록 하겠다. 마지막으로, 이런 과정을 가로질러서 그리고 이런 과정 끝에, 근대적 주체 신화의 해-체 다음에 올 자율성은 과연 (불)가능한지, (불)가능하다면 어떻게 (불)가능한지 해체론(deconstruction)의 안내를 받아보기로 하겠다. 개인주체의 자율성이 해-체로 밝혀짐으로써 주체의 자리, 즉 자율성의 신화의 자리에 새로운 이야기(新話) 곧 도래할 신화(新話)의 공간이 마련될 수 있을 것이다.

As nothing does not change with the passage of time, philosophical thoughts will change with the situation of the times. In this sense, this study tries to argue that the modern liberty or autonomy deviated from the mythology of the theocentric society before modern times is another mythology. First, we will examine that the reason that the liberty of the modern subject is impossible, in other words, the autonomy of the modern individual subject is a mythology. It will be carried out by de-constructing the concept of liberty of Lock’s individual subject as the threshold of modern liberty [liberalism] in political sense, and by de-constructing the concept of Kant’s autonomy that constitutes the autonomy of the individual subject as philosophical principle. By the way, as the autonomy is the autonomy of the individual subject, the mythology of the autonomy is the mythology of the individual subject. So The mythology of the autonomy of the individual subject will also be exposed, if the individual subject is disclosed as the de-construction. Second, we will examine how the liberty of subject can be actually realized by comparing and criticizing the concept of the subject of liberalism and communitarianism, which are today sharply conflicted both in theory and in practice. Finally, across this process, and at the end of this process, we will be guided by the deconstruction theory, whether the autonomy that will comes after the mythology of the modern subject is (im)possible and how it is (im)possible if it is (im)possible. After all, by exposing that the individual subject is de-construction, new narratives to come will be provided for the subject’s place, namely the place of the mythology of the autonomy.

이 연구는 20세기 전반기 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체에서 형태가 같은 평서형과 의문형 어미를 중심으로 의미·기능 실현 양상을 살펴봄으로써 20세기 초에서 현대국어로 이어지는 종결어미의 변화 양상을 고찰하고자 하였다. ‘하게’체 어미 중 일부는 ‘해’체로 분화되는데, 이유는 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체로 실현될 때 기능이 같지 않아서다. 즉 ‘해’체 어미로 분류되는 것은 어미에 양태 의미가 나타날 뿐 아니라 ‘-요’와 결합해서 ‘해요’체가 실현되는 것이다. 이렇게 ‘하게’체 일부 형태가 문맥에 따라 의미·기능이 달리 실현됨으로써 하나의 형태에서 의미·기능이 분화돼 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체로 나뉜다. 그런데 특성상 양태 의미를 유지하는 ‘-더-’와 ‘-ㄹ’이 결합된 ‘-데’와 ‘-ㄹ가’의 경우 두 화계의 구분은 쉽지 않다. 이를 바탕으로 2장에서는 20세기 전반기 텍스트에 나타난 평서형 어미 ‘-네’와 ‘-데’, 의문형 어미 ‘-ㄴ가’와 ‘-ㄹ가’의 사용 양상을 통해 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체가 어떻게 실현되는지를 살폈으며, 3장에서는 4~50년대 영화 속 대사를 중심으로 Praat 실험을 통해 이 어미들의 억양을 살폈다. 그럼으로써 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체가 분화되어 가는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다.

The study investigated the aspect of transition of final endings from the first 20th century to the contemporary Korean through investigating the realization of semantic functions focused on declarative endings and interrogative endings that have the same form in ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style. Some of ‘Hage’ style endings are divided into ‘Hae’ style, because their functions are different when they are realized. That is, being classified as ‘Hae’ style endings has not only modal meaning also is combined with ‘-yo’, being realized to ‘Haeyo’ style. In this way, some of ‘Hage’ style forms are divided into ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style as semantic functions are differentiated and realized differently according to the context. However, it is not easy to distinguish the case of ‘-deo-’ in which modal meaning is maintained due to the nature with the cases of ‘-de’ and ‘-eulga’ combined with ‘-eul’. Based on this, the study investigated how ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style were realized in texts of the first 20th century through the usage patterns of declarative endings ‘-ne’ and ‘-de’ and interrogative endings ‘-eunga’ and ‘-eulga’ in Chanpter 2, and their intonation patterns were examined by praat experiment with the lines in the movies of 1940s and 1950s in Chapter 3. In doing so, we could identify the aspect in which ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style are divided.

The study investigated the realization of interrogative forms of ‘Hae’ style endings. Most of ‘Hae’ style endings, which were developed in various ways after the late 19th century, have modal meanings divided into act modality and epistemic modality. However, it should be examined if the sentences that are realized as interrogative endings are to be interrogative sentences in the true meaning of the word, as they are not directly related to modality but represent a ‘request for information’. In other words, it is necessary to distinguish between interrogative sentences which demand the informational answers and the pseudo-interrogative sentences which do not. Final endings with epistemic modality are mostly realized as declarative endings. In this case, the declarative endings have meanings such as [confirmation], [speculation], it could lead into realizing interrogative sentences meaning interrogative or pseudo-interrogative. Accordingly, not all the endings with epistemic modality are realized as interrogative endings, even if these are realized, these are not all realized as interrogative endings representing ‘request for information’. Therefore, an interrogative ending with epistemic modality differ in realization as a declarative sentence, an pseudo-interrogative sentence, or an interrogative sentence according to the context, and it is distinguished by intonation in usage.

This study compared the use of ‘Hae(해)’ style ending ‘-eo(-어)’, which appeared in the early 20th century, with the modal ending ‘-ji(-지)’ and ‘Haera’ style ending ‘-da(-다)’ to investigate how the use of final endings have changed from early 20th century Korean to modern Korean. Unlike ‘-ji(-지)’, which has modality, ‘-eo(-어)’ does not have modal meaning, so the frequency of use of ‘-ji(-지)’ was high at first. However, the frequency of use of ‘-eo(-어)’ has increased as its use can be realized in declarative, interrogative, imperative and request sentences. Since ‘-eo(-어)’ lacks a modal meaning, its meaning, function, and range of application coincide with ‘Haera(해라)’ style ending ‘-da(-다)’. While ‘-da(-다)’ can be used in [±correlation] scenes, ‘-eo(-어)’ can only be used with [+correlation]. Furthermore, ‘-eo(-어)’ can actively convey the speaker’s speech, but ‘-da(-다)’ does not. In this way, ‘-eo(-어)’ has developed as it can demonstrate a difference in usage from ‘-da(-다).’Throughout the 20th century, one of the most important influences on meaning and function was intonation, and the meaning and function of final endings differed depending on intonation. Although ‘-eo(-어)’ does not have a modal meaning, its intonation varies depending on the usage, in much the same way as other modal endings. This feature also influenced ‘Haera(해라)’ style ending ‘-da(-다)’.

이 연구는 20세기 ‘해’체 어미가 의미·기능에 따라 실현되는 양상과 20세기 ‘해’체의 사용 양상을 살펴봄으로써 화계 사용의 변화를 밝히고자 하였다. ‘해’체 어미 ‘-지’, ‘-군’과 ‘-ㄴ지, -ㄹ지’는 의미·기능에 따라 실현되는 양상이 달라지며 화계 양상도 변화한다. ‘-지’와 ‘-군’은 ‘해’체 어미지만 사용 양상에 따라 ‘하게’체로 실현되며, ‘해’체 ‘-ㄴ지/-ㄹ지’는 그것이 가지고 있는 의미로 인해 화계가 더 높게 실현되기도 하는 것이다. ‘해’체는 ‘반말’체라고 하는데 ‘반말’은 “뒤가 잘린 말”을 의미하지만 “어린아이의 말”, “낮춤말”로 개념이 변화한다. ‘해요’체보다 늦게 체계화된 ‘해’체는 다른 화계에 혼용되다가 어린아이에서 여성으로 그리고 남성으로 화자가 확대되며 하나의 화계로 체계화된다. 이러한 과정에서 ‘해’체의 문말 억양은 ‘하게’체와 달라져 상승하는데, 이러한 양상은 Praat 실험을 통해 확인하였다.

This study was conducted to reveal the following: the aspects that are realized from the 20th century ‘Hae’ style endings and secondly, the changes in the use of speech levels through the examination of the usage of 20th century ‘Hae’ style endings. The aspects that become realized depending on the meaning and function of the ‘Hae’ style endings of ‘-ji,’ ‘-gun,’ ‘-nji,’ and ‘-lji’ change, as well as aspects of the speech level. The ‘-ji’ and’-gun’ are the endings of the ‘Hae’ style but depending on its usage they could become realized in the form of the ‘Hage’ style. Furthermore, the ‘-nji/-lji’ endings of the ‘Hae’ style ? with their inherent meaning ? could lead to a higher realization of the speech level. The ‘Hae’ style is considered as ‘banmal’ style (or informal speech) and ‘banmal’ style literally means ‘words with their backs cut off,’ but the concept has shifted into ‘child’s speech’ or ‘familiar speech.’ The ‘Hae’ style was systemized later than the ‘Haeyo’ style and was mixed in with other speech levels before its speakers expanded from children to women and then finally to men as it became systemized as a form of speech level. Through such processes, the ‘Hae’ style’s sentence ending intonations becomes different to the ‘Hage’ style and thus has become elevated; such aspects have been confirmed through the Praat experiments.

This study attempts to establish syllabus of Korean dialect grammar aimed for female immigrants for marriage and find efficient ways to develop textbooks and teaching and learning scheme. Among the interrogative endings that clearly reveal grammatical characteristics of Andong dialect, the paper focuses on the ‘Hae(해)’ style, which corresponds to informal style of ‘extensive familiar speech’ in relative honorification. Specifically, the study focuses on ‘-래’, ‘-(으)ㄹ래’, ‘-아/-어, -에’, ‘-까/-꼬(-ㄹ가/-ㄹ고)’, ‘-(으)ㄹ레/-(으)ㄹ세’, which are interrogative endings that are relatively frequently used in this region. For the understanding of the grammars, the study presents grammatical restrictions and semantic functions and uses of these final endings in Andong dialects through a comparison with the corresponding standard Korean language.

The purpose of this study was to grasp the activity levels of navy soldiers according to their type of duty(administration, warship, aviation, submarine), thereby providing basic data for the development of fitness training programs suitable for each group. Subjects in the study were 55 in total, comprising 15 from warship, 15 from submarine, 10 from aviation, and 15 from administration. For data collection, actigraph units were put on there waist for three weeks, and the number of steps and calorie were extracted for applicable data. In addition, it was arranged so that measurements could be conducted at the same time among types of duty the different group. As a result of the study, it was found that the weekday mean and weekend mean of steps according to the different groups were 3,503 steps and 2,000 steps for warship personnel, 2,249 steps and 2,148 steps for submarine personnel, 4,628 steps and 3,776 steps for aviation personnel, and 7,388 steps and 14,682 steps for administrative personnel, respectively. On weekdays, the number of steps was greatest among the administrative personnel, followed by aviation, warship, and submarine personnel. At weekends, the number of steps was greatest among administrative personnel, followed by aviation, submarine, and warship personnel. Thus, it was found that the activity level was the lowest among submarine personnel on weekdays, and among warship personnel at weekend. In conclusion, the comparison of activity levels among the four groups of navy showed that their activity levels were not so high as expected, due to the special characteristics of their working environment. In particular, the activity levels of warship personnel and submarine personnel fell short of the ordinary recommended level for health due to spatial constraints and the special characteristics of their service activities. Particularly, the activity level of the submarine personnel was too low due to the constraint of their working condition in narrow space, and thus it is presumed that it will be necessary to develop special training programs and take measures for their health management.